Merge branch 'CryptoAlgorithm' into updated_crypto_algorithm

Author: Susmita-Chakrabarty

pydatastructs/crypto/ChaCha20.py

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from typing import List
+import struct
+import numpy as np
+from copy import deepcopy as dp
+__all__ = ['ChaCha20']
+class ChaCha20:
+    """
+    Implementation of the ChaCha20 stream cipher.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    key : bytes
+        32-byte (256-bit) encryption key.
+    nonce : bytes
+        12-byte (96-bit) nonce.
+    counter : int
+        32-bit counter, typically starts at 0.
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, key: bytes, nonce: bytes, counter: int = 0):
+        if not isinstance(key, bytes) or len(key) != 32:
+            raise ValueError("Key must be exactly 32 bytes (256 bits).")
+        if not isinstance(nonce, bytes) or len(nonce) != 12:
+            raise ValueError("Nonce must be exactly 12 bytes (96 bits).")
+        if not isinstance(counter, int) or counter < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Counter must be a non-negative integer.")
+        instance = super().__new__(cls)
+        instance.key = key
+        instance.nonce = nonce
+        instance.counter = counter
+        return instance
+
+    def __init__(self, key: bytes, nonce: bytes, counter: int = 0):
+        """Initializes the ChaCha20 object."""
+        # Guard against multiple initializations
+        if hasattr(self, "_initialized") and self._initialized:
+            return
+        self._initialized = True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Returns a string representation of the object for debugging."""
+        return f"<ChaCha20(key={self.key[:4].hex()}..., nonce={self.nonce.hex()}, counter={self.counter})>"
+
+
+    def _quarter_round(self, state: np.ndarray, a: tuple, b: tuple, c: tuple, d: tuple):
+
+        """
+        Performs the ChaCha20 quarter-round operation on the 4x4 state matrix.
+
+        The quarter-round consists of four operations (Add, XOR, and Rotate) performed on
+        four elements of the state. It is a core component of the ChaCha20 algorithm, ensuring
+        diffusion of bits for cryptographic security.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        state : np.ndarray
+            A 4x4 matrix (NumPy array) representing the ChaCha20 state.
+
+        a, b, c, d : tuple
+            Each tuple represents the (row, column) indices of four elements in the state matrix
+            to be processed in the quarter-round.
+
+        Operations:
+        -----------
+        - Add: Adds two values modulo 2^32.
+        - XOR: Performs a bitwise XOR operation.
+        - Rotate: Rotates bits (circular shift) to the left.
+
+        Formula for the quarter-round (performed four times):
+        -----------------------------------------------------
+        1. a += b; d ^= a; d <<<= 16
+        2. c += d; b ^= c; b <<<= 12
+        3. a += b; d ^= a; d <<<= 8
+        4. c += d; b ^= c; b <<<= 7
+
+    """
+        ax, ay = a
+        bx, by = b
+        cx, cy = c
+        dx, dy = d
+
+        state[ax, ay] = ((state[ax, ay].astype(np.uint32) + state[bx, by].astype(np.uint32)) & 0xFFFFFFFF).astype(np.uint32)
+        state[dx, dy] ^= state[ax, ay]
+        state[dx, dy] = np.bitwise_or(
+        np.left_shift(state[dx, dy].astype(np.uint32), 16) & 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        np.right_shift(state[dx, dy].astype(np.uint32), 16)
+)
+
+        state[cx, cy] = ((state[cx, cy].astype(np.uint32) + state[dx, dy].astype(np.uint32)) & 0xFFFFFFFF).astype(np.uint32)
+        state[bx, by] ^= state[cx, cy]
+        state[bx, by] = np.bitwise_or(
+        np.left_shift(state[bx, by].astype(np.uint32), 12) & 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        np.right_shift(state[bx, by].astype(np.uint32), 20)
+)
+
+        state[ax, ay] = ((state[ax, ay].astype(np.uint32) + state[bx, by].astype(np.uint32)) & 0xFFFFFFFF).astype(np.uint32)
+        state[dx, dy] ^= state[ax, ay]
+        state[dx, dy] = np.bitwise_or(
+        np.left_shift(state[dx, dy].astype(np.uint32), 8) & 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        np.right_shift(state[dx, dy].astype(np.uint32), 24)
+)
+
+        state[cx, cy] = ((state[cx, cy].astype(np.uint32) + state[dx, dy].astype(np.uint32)) & 0xFFFFFFFF).astype(np.uint32)
+        state[bx, by] ^= state[cx, cy]
+        state[bx, by] = np.bitwise_or(
+        np.left_shift(state[bx, by].astype(np.uint32), 7) & 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        np.right_shift(state[bx, by].astype(np.uint32), 25)
+)
+    def _double_round(self, state: np.ndarray):
+
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0))
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1))
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2))
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3))
+
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 0))
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 0), (3, 1))
+        self._quarter_round(state, (0, 3), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2))
+
+
+    def _chacha20_block(self, counter: int) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Generates a 64-byte keystream block from 16-word (512-bit) state
+        The initial state is copied to preserve the original.
+        20 rounds (10 double rounds) are performed using quarter-round operations.
+        The modified working state is combined with the original state using modular addition (mod 2^32).
+        The result is returned as a 64-byte keystream block.
+        """
+        constants = b"expand 32-byte k"
+        state_values = struct.unpack(
+            '<16I',
+            constants + self.key + struct.pack('<I', counter) + self.nonce
+        )
+        state = np.array(state_values, dtype=np.uint32).reshape(4, 4)
+        working_state = dp(state)
+        for _ in range(10):
+            self._double_round(working_state)
+        final_state = np.bitwise_and(working_state + state, np.uint32(0xFFFFFFFF))
+        return struct.pack('<16I', *final_state.flatten())
+
+    def _apply_keystream(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Applies the ChaCha20 keystream to the input data (plaintext or ciphertext)
+        to perform encryption or decryption.
+
+        This method processes the input data in 64-byte blocks. For each block:
+        - A 64-byte keystream is generated using the `_chacha20_block()` function.
+        - Each byte of the input block is XORed with the corresponding keystream byte.
+        - The XORed result is appended to the output.
+
+        The same function is used for both encryption and decryption because
+        XORing the ciphertext with the same keystream returns the original plaintext.
+
+        Args:
+            data (bytes): The input data to be encrypted or decrypted (plaintext or ciphertext).
+
+        Returns:
+            bytes: The result of XORing the input data with the ChaCha20 keystream
+                (ciphertext if plaintext was provided, plaintext if ciphertext was provided).
+        """
+        if len(data) == 0:
+            return b""
+        result = b""
+        chunk_size = 64
+        start = 0
+        while start < len(data):
+            chunk = data[start:start + chunk_size]
+            start += chunk_size
+            keystream = self._chacha20_block(self.counter)
+
+            self.counter += 1
+            xor_block = []
+            for idx in range(len(chunk)):
+                input_byte = chunk[idx]
+                keystream_byte = keystream[idx]
+                xor_block.append(input_byte ^ keystream_byte)
+            result += bytes(xor_block)
+        return result
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Encrypts the given plaintext using the ChaCha20 stream cipher.
+
+        This method uses the ChaCha20 keystream generated from the
+        key, nonce, and counter to XOR with the plaintext, producing ciphertext.
+
+        Args:
+            plaintext (bytes): The plaintext data to be encrypted.
+
+        Returns:
+            bytes: The resulting ciphertext.
+        """
+        self.reset(counter=0)
+        return self._apply_keystream(plaintext)
+
+    def decrypt(self, ciphertext: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Decrypts the given ciphertext using the ChaCha20 stream cipher.
+
+        Since ChaCha20 uses XOR for encryption, decryption is performed
+        using the same keystream and XOR operation.
+
+        Args:
+            ciphertext (bytes): The ciphertext data to be decrypted.
+
+        Returns:
+            bytes: The resulting plaintext.
+        """
+        self.reset(counter=0)
+        return self._apply_keystream(ciphertext)
+
+    def reset(self, counter: int = 0):
+        """Resets the ChaCha20 counter to the specified value (default is 0)."""
+        if not isinstance(counter, int) or counter < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Counter must be a non-negative integer.")
+        self.counter = counter

pydatastructs/crypto/__init__.py

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+from .ChaCha20 import ChaCha20
+__all__ = ["ChaCha20"]

pydatastructs/crypto/tests/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import random
+import string
+from pydatastructs.crypto.ChaCha20 import ChaCha20
+
+VALID_KEY = B"\x00" *32
+assert len(VALID_KEY) == 32, "VALID_KEY must be exactly 32 bytes"
+VALID_NONCE = B"\x00" * 12
+assert len(VALID_NONCE) == 12, "VALID_NONCE must be exactly 12 bytes"
+
+secure_rng = random.SystemRandom()
+
+def test_invalid_key_size():
+    """Test invalid key sizes."""
+    try:
+        ChaCha20(b"short_key", VALID_NONCE)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        assert "Key must be exactly 32 bytes" in str(e)
+    else:
+        assert False, "ValueError was not raised for short key"
+
+    try:
+        ChaCha20(b"A" * 33, VALID_NONCE)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        assert "Key must be exactly 32 bytes" in str(e)
+    else:
+        assert False, "ValueError was not raised for long key"
+
+def test_invalid_nonce_size():
+    """Test invalid nonce sizes."""
+    try:
+        ChaCha20(VALID_KEY, b"short")
+    except ValueError as e:
+        assert "Nonce must be exactly 12 bytes" in str(e)
+    else:
+        assert False, "ValueError was not raised for short nonce"
+
+    try:
+        ChaCha20(VALID_KEY, b"A" * 13)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        assert "Nonce must be exactly 12 bytes" in str(e)
+    else:
+        assert False, "ValueError was not raised for long nonce"
+
+def test_invalid_counter_values():
+    """Test invalid counter values for ChaCha20."""
+    for invalid_counter in [-1, -100, -999999]:
+        try:
+            ChaCha20(VALID_KEY, VALID_NONCE, counter=invalid_counter)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            assert "Counter must be a non-negative integer" in str(e)
+        else:
+            assert False, f"ValueError not raised for counter={invalid_counter}"
+
+def test_encrypt_decrypt():
+    """Test encryption and decryption are symmetric."""
+    cipher = ChaCha20(VALID_KEY, VALID_NONCE)
+    plaintext = b"Hello, ChaCha20!"
+    ciphertext = cipher.encrypt(plaintext)
+    decrypted = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext)
+
+    assert decrypted == plaintext, "Decryption failed. Plaintext does not match."
+
+def test_key_reuse_simple():
+    """
+    Test the vulnerability of key reuse in ChaCha20 encryption.
+
+    This test demonstrates the security flaw of reusing the same key and nonce
+    for different plaintexts in stream ciphers. It exploits the property that
+    XORing two ciphertexts from the same keystream cancels out the keystream,
+    revealing the XOR of the plaintexts.
+
+    Encrypt two different plaintexts with the same key and nonce.
+    XOR the resulting ciphertexts to remove the keystream, leaving only the XOR of plaintexts.
+    XOR the result with the first plaintext to recover the second plaintext.
+    Assert that the recovered plaintext matches the original second plaintext.
+
+    Expected Behavior:
+    - If the ChaCha20 implementation is correct, reusing the same key and nonce
+      will expose the XOR relationship between plaintexts.
+    - The test should successfully recover the second plaintext using XOR operations.
+
+    Assertion:
+    - Raises an AssertionError if the recovered plaintext does not match the
+      original second plaintext, indicating a failure in the XOR recovery logic.
+
+    Output:
+    - Prints the original second plaintext.
+    - Prints the recovered plaintext (should be identical to the original).
+    - Displays the XOR result (hexadecimal format) for inspection.
+
+    Security Note:
+    - This test highlights why it is critical never to reuse the same key and nonce
+      in stream ciphers like ChaCha20.
+    """
+
+
+    cipher1 = ChaCha20(VALID_KEY, VALID_NONCE)
+    cipher2 = ChaCha20(VALID_KEY, VALID_NONCE)
+
+    plaintext1 = b"Hello, this is message one!"
+    plaintext2 = b"Hi there, this is message two!"
+    min_len = min(len(plaintext1), len(plaintext2))
+    plaintext1 = plaintext1[:min_len]
+    plaintext2 = plaintext2[:min_len]
+
+
+    ciphertext1 = cipher1.encrypt(plaintext1)
+    ciphertext2 = cipher2.encrypt(plaintext2)
+
+    xor_result = []
+    for c1_byte, c2_byte in zip(ciphertext1, ciphertext2):
+        xor_result.append(c1_byte ^ c2_byte)
+    xor_bytes = bytes(xor_result)
+    recovered = []
+    for xor_byte, p1_byte in zip(xor_bytes, plaintext1):
+        recovered.append(xor_byte ^ p1_byte)
+    recovered_plaintext = bytes(recovered)
+    assert recovered_plaintext == plaintext2, "Failed to recover second plaintext from XOR pattern"

pydatastructs/crypto/tests/test_chacha20.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+numpy>=1.21.0
+pytest
+pytest-cov