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# Summary
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Analyzing the aerodynamics of unsteady airfoils is essential for understanding the performance of wind turbine blades, helicopter rotors, and the flight dynamics of birds, insects, fixed-wing aircraft, and micro air vehicles (MAVs). While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers detailed and high-fidelity results, potential flow solvers provide a faster and more accessible alternative that still captures key aerodynamic phenomena. These include time-resolved pressure distribution, unsteady lift generation, thrust prediction, power consumption analysis, and estimation of propulsive efficiency. The use of free-wake modeling further enables these solvers to capture critical unsteady effects such as vortex shedding and wake-induced flow interactions.
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We introduce PANKH **(Panel Analysis of uNsteady Kinematics of Hovering airfoils)**, an open-source C++ tool that employs the unsteady vortex panel method to evaluate aerodynamic forces on airfoils in arbitrary motion. Its flexible, modular design enables users to specify custom kinematic patterns (impulsive motion, pitching, plunging), ideal for exploring bio-inspired flapping flight and gust responses.
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We introduce PANKH **(Panel Analysis for uNsteady Kinematics of Hovering airfoils)**, an open-source C++ tool that employs the unsteady vortex panel method to evaluate aerodynamic forces on airfoils in arbitrary motion. Its flexible, modular design enables users to specify custom kinematic patterns (impulsive motion, pitching, plunging), ideal for exploring bio-inspired flapping flight and gust responses.
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The solver's source code, validation examples, and comprehensive Doxygen-generated API documentation are hosted on GitHub, ensuring accessibility and reproducibility. Future enhancements may include expanded input capabilities, improved wake modeling techniques for more accurate unsteady flow prediction, and the integration of viscous effects along with two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) to simulate flexible airfoils and their coupling with the flow in a strongly coupled manner.
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