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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN"><head><title>软件技术基础</title><meta property="og:title" content="软件技术基础"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button{appearance:none;background-color:initial;border:0;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;opacity:.8;outline:none;padding:0;transition:opacity .2s 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:is(h1, marp-h1){font-size:2em;margin-block:0.67em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section video::-webkit-media-controls{will-change:transform}@page {size:1280px 720px;margin:0}@media print{html, body{background-color:#fff;margin:0;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-page}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{page-break-before:always;break-before:page}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section *{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact!important;animation-delay:0s!important;animation-duration:0s!important;color-adjust:exact!important;print-color-adjust:exact!important;transition:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg[data-marpit-svg]{display:block;height:100vh;width:100vw}}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > :where(section){container-type:size}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img[data-marp-twemoji]{background:transparent;height:1em;margin:0 .05em 0 .1em;vertical-align:-.1em;width:1em}/*!
* Marp / Marpit Gaia theme.
*
* @theme gaia
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
*/div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) code.hljs{display:block;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code.hljs{padding:3px 5px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs{background:#000;color:#f8f8f8}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-comment,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-quote{color:#aeaeae;font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-keyword,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-selector-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-type{color:#e28964}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-string{color:#65b042}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-subst{color:#daefa3}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-regexp{color:#e9c062}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-name,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-section,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section 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marp-h3) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) strong{font-weight:inherit}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:580px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){font-size:1.8em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2){font-size:1.5em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3){font-size:1.3em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, 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:is(pre, marp-pre)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:calc(580px - 1em)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote{margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 1em;position:relative}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:before{content:"“";display:block;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;font-weight:700;position:absolute}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:before{left:0;top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after{bottom:0;right:0;transform:rotate(180deg)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote>:first-child{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mark{background:transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;margin:1em 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table th{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:.2em .4em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:66%;height:70px;line-height:50px;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 25px;position:absolute}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:66%;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{left:0;right:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer{bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{background-color:var(--color-background);background-image:linear-gradient(135deg, hsla(0,0%,53%,0), hsla(0,0%,53%,.02) 50%, hsla(0,0%,100%,0) 0, hsla(0,0%,100%,.05));color:var(--color-foreground);font-family:Lato,Avenir Next,Avenir,Trebuchet MS,Segoe UI,sans-serif;font-size:35px;height:720px;letter-spacing:1.25px;line-height:1.35;padding:70px;width:1280px;word-wrap:break-word;--color-background:#fff8e1;--color-background-stripe:rgba(69,90,100,.1);--color-foreground:#455a64;--color-dimmed:#6a7a7d;--color-highlight:#0288d1;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--marpit-root-font-size:35px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{bottom:0;font-size:80%;right:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:80%;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mark{color:var(--color-highlight)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code{background:var(--color-dimmed);color:var(--color-background)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) strong{color:var(--color-highlight)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre){background:var(--color-foreground)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre)>code{background:transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section section:after{color:var(--color-dimmed)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table th{border-color:var(--color-foreground)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table thead th{background:var(--color-foreground);color:var(--color-background)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table tbody>tr:nth-child(odd) td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table tbody>tr:nth-child(odd) th{background:var(--color-background-stripe, transparent)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:first-child,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert){--color-background:#455a64;--color-background-stripe:rgba(255,248,225,.1);--color-foreground:#fff8e1;--color-dimmed:#dad8c8;--color-highlight:#81d4fa;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.gaia){--color-background:#0288d1;--color-background-stripe:rgba(255,248,225,.1);--color-foreground:#fff8e1;--color-dimmed:#cce2de;--color-highlight:#81d4fa;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead){align-items:stretch;flex-flow:column nowrap;place-content:safe center center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h6, marp-h6){text-align:center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) p{text-align:center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h6, marp-h6),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>p{text-align:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) ol>li>p,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) ul>li>p{text-align:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) table{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-y727au9b] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-uN8TKVJY] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-moX5jymP] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-AUw1fKy1] table{font-size:0.7em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-AUw1fKy1] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-IWenV49H] table{font-size:0.7em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-39z8XgP2] table{font-size:0.6em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-EFUQia2U] li{font-size:0.8em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-HgOzF42f] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-JgrCUfCJ] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-q1UU7n2e] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-O2hrcYOr] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-c3ZTroYQ] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-scope-lp1ZcjI0] .columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr;gap:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 2)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]::before, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]::after, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"]::before, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"]::after{display:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="vertical"]{flex-direction:column}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"][data-marpit-advanced-background-split] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"][data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% - var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%))}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container] > figure{all:initial;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;flex:auto;margin:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container] > figure > figcaption{position:absolute;border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"], div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"]{background:transparent!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"], div#\:\$p > svg[data-marpit-svg] > foreignObject[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"]{pointer-events:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background-split]{width:100%;height:100%}
</style></head><body><div class="bespoke-marp-osc"><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="prev" tabindex="-1" title="Previous slide">Previous slide</button><span data-bespoke-marp-osc="page"></span><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="next" tabindex="-1" title="Next slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id=":$p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="lead" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" class="lead" data-marpit-pagination="1" style="--paginate:true;--class:lead;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h1 id="%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80">软件技术基础</h1>
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">文件</h2>
<p><strong>施展</strong><br />
武汉光电国家研究中心 & 计算机学院<br />
华中科技大学</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="2" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5">文件基本概念</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>变量</strong>和<strong>数组</strong>中的数据存放于<strong>内存</strong>，随程序结束而消失</li>
<li><strong>文件</strong>用于永久保存大量数据</li>
<li>文件位于<strong>外存</strong>（如硬盘、固态盘、光盘）</li>
<li>本章：如何用C程序<strong>建立、更新、处理</strong>数据文件</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="3" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9">主要内容</h2>
<ul>
<li>文件的打开与关闭<br />
<code>fopen</code>、<code>fclose</code>、<code>freopen</code> 函数</li>
<li>文本文件的读写<br />
<code>fgetc</code>、<code>fputc</code>、<code>fgets</code>、<code>fputs</code>、<code>fprintf</code>、<code>fscanf</code> 等函数</li>
<li>二进制文件的读写<br />
<code>fread</code>、<code>fwrite</code> 函数</li>
<li>文件的随机读写<br />
<code>fseek</code>、<code>rewind</code>、<code>ftell</code>、<code>fsetpos</code>、<code>fgetpos</code> 等文件指针定位函数</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="4" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%AF%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98">场景问题</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>从键盘输入若干行字符，保存到 <code>d:\a.txt</code> 中，该如何做？</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-01.svg" alt="" style="width:600px;" /></p>
<h3 id="%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88savefileexe-%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F">方案：<strong>savefile.exe</strong> 运行示意</h3>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-02.svg" alt="" style="width:600px;" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="5" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%86%E9%94%AE%E7%9B%98%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">示例：将键盘输入写入文件</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span> {
FILE *fp;
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> ch;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ((fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.txt"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"w"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"can't open the file!"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">-1</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
fputc(ch, fp);
fclose(fp);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="6" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4">文件操作步骤</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>打开文件</strong> —— 建立文件指针与文件间联系</li>
<li>通过<strong>文件指针</strong>对文件进行读写操作</li>
<li><strong>关闭文件</strong> —— 取消文件指针与文件间的联系</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>提示</strong>：打开文件时，就已确定文件读写格式和读写方式！</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7" data-marpit-scope-y727au9b="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="7" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0-fopen">打开文件函数 <code>fopen()</code></h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c">FILE *<span class="hljs-title function_">fopen</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filename, <span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *mode)</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>按照<code>mode</code>方式打开文件<code>filename</code><br />
成功：返回文件指针<br />
失败：返回<code>NULL</code></p>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c">FILE *fp;
fp＝fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"c:\\test.txt"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"w"</span>);
</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-03.svg" alt="" style="height:200px;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8" data-marpit-scope-uN8TKVJY="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="8" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93">文件结构体</h2>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> _<span class="hljs-title">iobuf</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *_ptr; <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件当前读写位置指针</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> _cnt; <span class="hljs-comment">// 当前读写位置剩余字节数</span>
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *_base; <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件缓冲区起始位置</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> _flag; <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件状态标志</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> _file; <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件描述符</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> _charbuf; <span class="hljs-comment">// 跟踪缓冲区状态</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> _bufsiz; <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件缓冲区大小</span>
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *_tmpfname; <span class="hljs-comment">// 临时文件名</span>
};
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> _<span class="hljs-title">iobuf</span> <span class="hljs-title">FILE</span>;</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<p><code>FILE</code>是<code>stdio.h</code>中定义的结构类型，记录一个文件的相关信息。</p>
<p>←<strong>文件描述符</strong>是个普通整数，用以标明每一个被打开的文件。第一个打开的文件是0，第二个是1，依此类推。</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-marpit-scope-moX5jymP="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="9" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88">文件指针</h2>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<p>程序中仅用<code>FILE *</code>型变量: FILE指针</p>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-04.svg" alt="" style="height:380px;" /></p>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-marpit-scope-AUw1fKy1="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="10" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88-%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">文件指针: <strong>标准文件</strong></h2>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<p>程序中仅用<code>FILE *</code>型变量: FILE指针</p>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-04.svg" alt="" style="height:380px;" /></p>
</div>
<div>
<p>C程序会自动打开3个标准文件</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> stdin (&_iob[0])</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> stdout (&_iob[1])</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> stderr (&_iob[2])</span>
</code></pre>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">标准文件</th>
<th style="text-align:center">文件指针</th>
<th style="text-align:center">默认值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">标准输入文件</td>
<td style="text-align:center">stdin</td>
<td style="text-align:center">键盘</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">标准输出文件</td>
<td style="text-align:center">stdout</td>
<td style="text-align:center">显示器</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">标准错误文件</td>
<td style="text-align:center">stderr</td>
<td style="text-align:center">显示器</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-marpit-scope-IWenV49H="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="11" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F-mode">打开方式 <code>mode</code></h2>
<p>模式字符串由 <strong>访问权限</strong> + <strong>文本/二进制标识</strong> 组合而成，核心标识如下：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>模式字符</th>
<th>核心功能</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>r</code></td>
<td>只读（Read）：打开已存在的文件，文件不存在则报错（<code>fopen</code> 返回 <code>NULL</code>）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>w</code></td>
<td>只写（Write）：创建新文件；若文件已存在，<strong>清空原有内容</strong>（覆盖）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a</code></td>
<td>追加（Append）：创建新文件；若文件已存在，写入内容追加到文件末尾</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>+</code></td>
<td>读写扩展：附加在 <code>r/w/a</code> 后，开启“读+写”双权限（如 <code>r+</code> 表示读写）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>t</code></td>
<td>文本模式（Text）：<strong>默认模式</strong>（可省略），换行符会自动转换（<code>\n</code> 系统换行符）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>b</code></td>
<td>二进制模式（Binary）：不转换换行符，按字节原样读写（如图片、视频文件）</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-marpit-scope-39z8XgP2="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="12" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F-mode-%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88">打开方式 <code>mode</code> <strong>常用组合</strong></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>完整模式</th>
<th>权限类型</th>
<th>文件不存在时</th>
<th>已存在文件时</th>
<th>适用场景</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>r</code></td>
<td>只读</td>
<td>报错（NULL）</td>
<td>正常打开，读文件</td>
<td>读取配置文件、日志文件等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>w</code></td>
<td>只写</td>
<td>创建文件</td>
<td>清空内容（覆盖）</td>
<td>生成新文件（如导出报表、日志）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a</code></td>
<td>只写（追加）</td>
<td>创建文件</td>
<td>内容追加到末尾</td>
<td>日志追加、累计数据写入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>r+</code></td>
<td>读写</td>
<td>报错（NULL）</td>
<td>保留原有内容</td>
<td>读写已存在的文件（不覆盖）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>w+</code></td>
<td>读写</td>
<td>创建文件</td>
<td>清空内容（覆盖）</td>
<td>新建可读写文件（如临时文件）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a+</code></td>
<td>读写（追加）</td>
<td>创建文件</td>
<td>读：从开头读；写：追加到末尾</td>
<td>既要读历史内容，又要追加新内容</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>rb</code></td>
<td>二进制只读</td>
<td>报错（NULL）</td>
<td>按字节读文件</td>
<td>读取图片、音频、二进制数据</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>wb</code></td>
<td>二进制只写</td>
<td>创建文件</td>
<td>清空并按字节写</td>
<td>写入图片、视频等二进制文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ab</code></td>
<td>二进制追加</td>
<td>创建文件</td>
<td>字节数据追加到末尾</td>
<td>追加二进制日志、数据流</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>rb+</code>/<code>wb+</code>/<code>ab+</code></td>
<td>二进制读写</td>
<td>同对应文本模式</td>
<td>同对应文本模式</td>
<td>二进制文件的读写操作</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-marpit-scope-EFUQia2U="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="13" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F-mode-%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E4%BA%8B%E9%A1%B9">打开方式 <code>mode</code> <strong>注意事项</strong></h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>模式大小写敏感</strong>：必须小写（如 <code>R</code>/<code>W</code> 是错误的）。</li>
<li><strong>文本模式与二进制模式的区别</strong>：
<ul>
<li>文本模式（<code>t</code> 或省略）：Windows 系统中，<code>\n</code> 会自动转为 <code>\r\n</code>（换行+回车），读取时反向转换；Linux/Mac 无此转换。</li>
<li>二进制模式（<code>b</code>）：完全按字节读写，不做任何转换，<strong>必须用于非文本文件</strong>（图片、压缩包等），否则会导致文件损坏。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><code>r+</code> 与 <code>w+</code> 的核心差异</strong>：
<ul>
<li><code>r+</code> 要求文件已存在，不会清空内容；</li>
<li><code>w+</code> 无论文件是否存在，都会创建新文件（覆盖原有）。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><code>a+</code> 的特殊行为</strong>：写入时永远追加到末尾，但读取时可以从文件开头开始（需手动调整文件指针，如 <code>fseek</code>）。</li>
<li><strong>模式兼容性</strong>：部分系统（如 Linux）不区分文本/二进制模式（<code>t</code>/<code>b</code> 无实际效果），但为了跨平台兼容，建议明确指定（文本文件省略 <code>t</code>，二进制文件加 <code>b</code>）。</li>
</ol>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="14" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0-fclose">关闭文件函数 <code>fclose()</code></h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fclose</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>关闭成功返回 <code>0</code>，失败返回 <code>EOF(-1)</code></p>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-05.svg" alt="" style="height:300px;" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="15" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0">字符读写函数</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>int fgetc(FILE *stream);</code>
<ul>
<li>从输入流<code>stream</code>当前位置读取一个字符，读写位置后移一个字符，返回读取的字符。到文件尾或读操作出错时返回<code>EOF</code>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>int fputc(int c, FILE *stream);</code>
<ul>
<li>参数<code>c</code>转换成为<code>unsigned char</code>类型然后写到输出流<code>stream</code>的当前位置处。返回被写字符；如果写操作出错或遇到文件尾返回<code>EOF</code>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><code>fgetc(stdin)</code> 即 <code>getchar()</code><br />
<code>fputc(c, stdout)</code> 即 <code>putchar(c)</code></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="16" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%92%8C%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">操作<strong>标准输入和输出</strong>文件</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>getchar</code>、<code>gets</code>和<code>scanf</code>函数从<code>stdin</code>文件读数据</li>
<li><code>putchar</code>、<code>puts</code>和<code>printf</code>函数向<code>stdout</code>文件写数据</li>
<li><code>freopen</code>函数可以重定向<code>stdin</code>和<code>stdout</code>，如:
<ul>
<li><code>freopen("d:\\a.txt", "r", stdin);</code> 重定向输入
<ul>
<li>将原本从键盘输入的数据将改为从"d:\a.txt"文件中读取</li>
<li><strong>常用于</strong>: 测试输入数据，尤其是批量重复性检验</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>freopen("d:\\a.txt", "w", stdout);</code> 重定向输出
<ul>
<li>将原本向屏幕输出的数据改为向"d:\a.txt"文件中写入</li>
<li><strong>常用于</strong>: 记录输出数据，方便集中观察分析</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="17" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0-freopen">文件重定向函数 <code>freopen()</code></h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c">FILE *<span class="hljs-title function_">freopen</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filename, <span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *mode, FILE *fp)</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>相当于：</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c">fclose(fp);
fp = fopen(filename, mode);
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="18" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-freopen-%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA">使用 <code>freopen</code> 重定向输出</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span>)</span> {
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> ch;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (freopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.txt"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"w"</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">stdout</span>) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"can't open the file!"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">-1</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
<span class="hljs-built_in">putchar</span>(ch);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="19" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%E5%B9%B6%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA">读取文件内容并显示</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span>)</span> {
FILE *fp;
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> ch;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ((fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.txt"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"r"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"can't open the file!"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">-1</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> ((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF)
<span class="hljs-built_in">putchar</span>(ch); <span class="hljs-comment">/* 也可用 fputc(ch, stdout); */</span>
fclose(fp);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%E5%B9%B6%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA"><strong>重定向</strong>读取文件内容并显示</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span>)</span> {
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> ch;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (freopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.txt"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"r"</span>，<span class="hljs-built_in">stdin</span>) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"can't open the file!"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">-1</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
<span class="hljs-built_in">putchar</span>(ch);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21" data-marpit-scope-HgOzF42f="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="21" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%B2%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0">字符串读写函数</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE *stream);</code>
<ul>
<li>从输入流<code>stream</code>当前位置读取一个字符串(<code>strlen(s) < n</code>>)，返回读取的字符串。到文件尾或读操作出错时返回<code>NULL</code>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>int fputs(const char *s, FILE *stream);</code>
<ul>
<li>参数<code>s</code>写入输出流<code>stream</code>的当前位置处。返回被写入的字符数，如果写操作出错或遇到文件尾返回<code>EOF</code>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">char</span> s[<span class="hljs-number">10</span>]; <span class="hljs-comment">// 输入：hust</span>
fgets(s, <span class="hljs-number">10</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">stdin</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// 换行符被读入</span>
gets(s); <span class="hljs-comment">// 换行符不被读入</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-built_in">fputs</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"hust"</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">stdout</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// 输出：hust</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">puts</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"hust"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// 追加输出换行符：hust</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="22" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0">格式读写函数</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, …);</code>
<ul>
<li>将输出参数列表中的数据按指定的格式写入到<code>stream</code>流中。写操作正常返回<strong>输出字符个数</strong>，写操作出错时返回负值。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, …);</code>
<ul>
<li>从<code>stream</code>流中，按指定的格式读去数据，并赋值给相应的参数变量。函数返回<strong>已输入项数</strong>，如果读操作出错返回<code>EOF</code>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>等价关系</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>fscanf(stdin, "%d", &x)</code></td>
<td><code>scanf("%d", &x)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>fprintf(stdout, "%d", x)</code></td>
<td><code>printf("%d", x)</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="23" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="23" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6">文本文件的复制</h2>
<ul>
<li>Windows 命令行：
<ul>
<li><code>copy source_file target_file</code> 命令</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Linux 命令行：
<ul>
<li><code>cp source_file target_file</code> 命令</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="24" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="24" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">int</span> argc, <span class="hljs-type">char</span>* argv[])</span> {
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> ch;
FILE *fpin,*fpout;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(argc!=<span class="hljs-number">3</span>) { <span class="hljs-comment">/*命令行参数数目不等于3，说明命令行格式不对*/</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Arguments error!\n"</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>((fpin=fopen(argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>],<span class="hljs-string">"r"</span>))==<span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) { <span class="hljs-comment">/* fpin指向source_file */</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Can't open %s file!\n"</span>,argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]);
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>((fpout=fopen(argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>],<span class="hljs-string">"w"</span>))==<span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) { <span class="hljs-comment">/* fpout指向target_file */</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Can't open %s file!\n"</span>,argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]);
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>((ch=fgetc(fpin))!=EOF) <span class="hljs-comment">/* 从source_file中读字符 */</span>
fputc(ch,fpout); <span class="hljs-comment">/* 向target_file中写字符，实现拷贝复制 */</span>
fclose(fpin); <span class="hljs-comment">/* 关闭source_file */</span>
fclose(fpout); <span class="hljs-comment">/* 关闭target_file */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="25" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3">文本文件的分解</h2>
<p>将一个大的文本文件以行为单位分解成为若干个较小的文本文件，文件名和分解的行数都由用户从命令行输入。</p>
<p>命令行：</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-bash">parts abc.txt a.txt b.txt c.txt 10
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>把 <code>abc.txt</code> 每 10 行切成一个小文件</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="26" data-marpit-scope-JgrCUfCJ="" data-marpit-fragments="5" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="26" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B">分解流程</h3>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<ol start="0">
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">命令行: <code>parts abc.txt a.txt b.txt c.txt 10</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>len=</code>命令行中提取的行数<code>atoi(argv[argc-1])</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">以读方式打开源文件<code>fopen(argv[1], "r")</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">依次打开目标文件，从源文件读<code>len</code>行写入<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(i = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>; i < argc<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>; i++) {
以写方式打开文件 argv[i]
从argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]读<span class="hljs-number">1</span>行写入argv[i]直到写了len行或源文件到文件尾
关闭 文件argv[i]
}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">关闭源文件<code>argv[1]</code></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-06.svg" alt="" style="width:200px;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="27" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">int</span> argc,<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *argv[])</span> {
FILE *fin, *fout;
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> len = atoi(argv[argc<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>]);<span class="hljs-comment">/*将行数字符串转换为整数*/</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> i, j;
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> a[<span class="hljs-number">81</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>((fin = fopen(argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>], <span class="hljs-string">"r"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>){
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"can't open the %s file!\n"</span>, argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]);
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(i = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>; i < argc<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>; i++){
fout = fopen(argv[i], <span class="hljs-string">"w"</span>);<span class="hljs-comment">/*打开argv[i]指定的文件进行写操作*/</span>
j=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>((fgets(a, <span class="hljs-number">80</span>, fin)!= <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>) && j++<len)<span class="hljs-comment">/*从fin中读一行到a中*/</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">fputs</span>(a, fout);<span class="hljs-comment">/*将a中字符串写到fout中*/</span>
fclose(fout);<span class="hljs-comment">/*写满len行后关闭文件*/</span>
}
fclose(fin);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="28" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F">数据采集与处理程序</h2>
<p>键盘输入: 商品名称、数量、单价 → 计算总金额 → 数据保存到 <code>d:\goods.txt</code></p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_write</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">/* 数据采集并存盘 */</span>
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_cal</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *, <span class="hljs-type">float</span>)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">/* 从文件读入数据并进行计算 */</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span>)</span> {
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> a[<span class="hljs-number">20</span>] = <span class="hljs-string">"d:\\goods.txt"</span>;
data_write(a);
data_cal(a);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="29" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="29" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="data_write%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%B9%B6%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98">data_write：输入并保存</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_write</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filename)</span> {
FILE *out;
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> name[<span class="hljs-number">20</span>];
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> number;
<span class="hljs-type">float</span> price;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ((out = fopen(filename, <span class="hljs-string">"w"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>)
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">puts</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"input name、number and price please!"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-built_in">scanf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%s%d%f"</span>, name, &number, &price) != EOF) <span class="hljs-comment">// 输入由用户分隔</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">fprintf</span>(out, <span class="hljs-string">"%s %d %f\n"</span>, name, number, price); <span class="hljs-comment">// 输出也要自备空格</span>
fclose(out);
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="30" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="data_cal%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E5%B9%B6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97">data_cal：读取并计算</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_cal</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filename)</span> {
FILE *in;
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> name[<span class="hljs-number">5</span>];
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> number;
<span class="hljs-type">float</span> price;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ((in = fopen(filename, <span class="hljs-string">"r"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>)
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-built_in">fscanf</span>(in, <span class="hljs-string">"%s%d%f"</span>, name, &number, &price) != EOF)
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%s\t%d\t%8.2f\n"</span>, name, number, price * number);
fclose(in);
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="31" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="31" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%94%E7%AC%A6">文本文件数据的间隔符</h2>
<p>写入多个数据时需加<strong>间隔符</strong>，以便正确读取。</p>
<p>屏幕输出可读性，机器采集便于后续<code>scanf</code>使用。</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-built_in">fprintf</span>(out, <span class="hljs-string">"%s %d\n"</span>, name, number);
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-built_in">fprintf</span>(out, <span class="hljs-string">"%s\t%d\n"</span>, name, number);
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="32" data-marpit-scope-q1UU7n2e="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="32" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B">文件类型</h2>
<p>文件按照数据格式分为<strong>文本文件</strong>和<strong>二进制文件</strong>两类。</p>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<p><strong>文本文件</strong>:</p>
<p>ASCII 字符序列</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-comment"># head -n5 README.md</span>
---
license: mit
---
This is a Llama 2 architecture ...
</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<p><strong>二进制文件</strong>:</p>
<p>与内存内容一致的原始数据序列</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-comment"># xxd stories15M.bin | head</span>
00000000: 2001 0000 0003 0000 0600 0000 0600 0000 ...............
00000010: 0600 0000 007d 0000 0001 0000 b00a 75bd .....}........u.
...
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="33" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="33" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BE%E4%BE%8B">存储空间举例</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>短整数 <code>x = 128</code> 分别占多少字节？</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-07.svg" alt="" style="width:1000px;" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="34" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="34" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99">二进制文件读写</h2>
<p>文件直接输入输出又称为文件成组输入输出。</p>
<p>标准C为文件的直接输入输出提供了两个函数<code>fread</code>和<code>fwrite</code>，适用于二进制形式文件的读写 。</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-type">unsigned</span> <span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fread</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span> *ptr, <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> size, <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> n, FILE *stream)</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// ptr: 存储数据的指针，size: 每个元素大小，n: 元素个数,stream: 文件指针</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 返回实际读取的元素个数，<n 表示读到文件尾部，返回实际读取的元素个数</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 可以通过 feof() 函数判断文件是否读完，ferror() 函数判断文件是否出错</span>
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fwrite</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">void</span> *ptr, <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> size, <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> n, FILE *stream)</span>;
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="35" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="35" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E5%86%99%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B">写示例</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> x[] = {<span class="hljs-number">12</span>, <span class="hljs-number">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number">34</span>, <span class="hljs-number">421</span>};
FILE *fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.dat"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"wb"</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">/* 写法 1：一次性写 4 个 int */</span>
fwrite(x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">4</span>, fp);
<span class="hljs-comment">/* 写法 2：循环写 */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-type">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < <span class="hljs-number">4</span>; i++)
fwrite(x + i, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
fclose(fp);
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-comment"># xxd a.dat</span>
00000000: 0c00 0000 0800 0000 2200 0000 a501 0000 ........<span class="hljs-string">".......
00000010: 0c00 0000 0800 0000 2200 0000 a501 0000 ........"</span>.......
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="36" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="36" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E8%AF%BB%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B">读示例</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> x[<span class="hljs-number">10</span>], i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
FILE *fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.dat"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"rb"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (fread(x + i, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp) == <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
i++;
fclose(fp);
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="37" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="37" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC-vs-%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82">文本 vs 二进制读取差异</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">short</span> x;
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">short</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp); <span class="hljs-comment">// 按二进制读入1个short数</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// x=0x3231, 低字节在前</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">fscanf</span>(fp, <span class="hljs-string">"%hd"</span>, &x); <span class="hljs-comment">// 按文本格式读入1个short数</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// x=123 </span>
</code></pre>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-08.svg" alt="" style="width:1000px;" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="38" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="38" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%BE%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0feof">文件尾测试函数<code>feof()</code></h3>
<p>文件尾测试函数<code>feof()</code>，如果到文件尾，返回非0值，否则返回0。</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> _IOEOF 0x0010 </span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> feof(_stream) ((_stream) ->_flag & _IOEOF) </span>
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="39" data-marpit-scope-O2hrcYOr="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="39" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8feof%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF">使用<code>feof()</code>控制循环</h3>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> x;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.dat"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"rb"</span>);
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(!feof(fp)) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%d "</span>, x);
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> x;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.dat"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"rb"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(!feof(fp)) {
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%d "</span>, x);
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>从二进制文件读数据显示到屏幕，用哪个？</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="40" data-marpit-scope-c3ZTroYQ="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="40" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8feof%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF-1">使用<code>feof()</code>控制循环…</h3>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> x;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.dat"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"rb"</span>);
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(!feof(fp)) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%d "</span>, x);
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> x;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(<span class="hljs-string">"d:\\a.dat"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"rb"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(!feof(fp)) { <span class="hljs-comment">// 到EOF还会再来</span>
fread(&x, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-type">int</span>), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, fp);
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%d "</span>, x); <span class="hljs-comment">// 末尾输出2次</span>
}
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>只有当文件位置指针到了<strong>文件末尾</strong>，然后<strong>再发生读/写操作</strong>时，标志位<code>(fp->_flag)</code>才会被置为含有<code>_IOEOF</code></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="41" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="41" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E7%89%88">数据采集与处理程序<strong>二进制版</strong></h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdio.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span><span class="hljs-string"><stdlib.h></span></span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 声明物品信息结构类型struct goods</span>
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">goods</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-type">long</span> code; <span class="hljs-comment">// 货物编码</span>
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> name[<span class="hljs-number">20</span>]; <span class="hljs-comment">// 名称</span>
<span class="hljs-type">float</span> price; <span class="hljs-comment">// 价格</span>
};
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_write</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filename)</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_read</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filename)</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span>)</span> {
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> fname[]=<span class="hljs-string">"goods_table.dat"</span>;
data_write(fname); <span class="hljs-comment">// 将结构体数组整体写入文件</span>
data_read(fname); <span class="hljs-comment">// 再从文件随机读取</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="42" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="42" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%86%99%E5%85%A5%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%98%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">输入商品信息写入磁盘文件</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_write</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filenamme)</span> {
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">goods</span> <span class="hljs-title">g</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// 声明 struct goods 类型结构变量</span>
FILE *out;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>((out = fopen(filenamme, <span class="hljs-string">"wb"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>)
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"输入货物编码、名称、价格\n"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(<span class="hljs-built_in">scanf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%ld%s%f"</span>, &g.code, g.name, &g.price) == <span class="hljs-number">3</span>) {
fwrite(&g, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> goods), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, out); <span class="hljs-comment">// 写入结构体变量g</span>
}
fclose(out);
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="43" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="43" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E4%BB%8E%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%98%E8%AF%BB%E5%8F%96%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA%E5%88%B0%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95">从磁盘读取商品信息显示到屏幕</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">data_read</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *filenamme)</span> {
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">goods</span> <span class="hljs-title">g</span>;</span>
FILE *in;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>((in = fopen(filenamme, <span class="hljs-string">"rb"</span>)) == <span class="hljs-literal">NULL</span>)
<span class="hljs-built_in">exit</span>(<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"货物编码\t名称\t价格\n"</span>);
fread(&g, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> goods), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, in);
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span>(!feof(in)) { <span class="hljs-comment">// 注意函数生效条件</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"%ld\t%s\t%f\n"</span>, g.code, g.name, g.price);
fread(&g, <span class="hljs-keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> goods), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, in); <span class="hljs-comment">// 读入结构体变量g</span>
}
fclose(in);
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="44" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="44" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F-%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F-vs-%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99">文件的读写方式: <strong>顺序 vs 随机读写</strong></h2>
<ul>
<li>打开文件时，读写指针指向文件头，读写一个"数据"后，读写指针自动指向下一个"数据"。</li>
<li>文件的读写方式有两种: <strong>顺序读写</strong>和<strong>随机读写</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>顺序读写</strong>：从文件头到文件尾顺序读写数据。</li>
<li><strong>随机读写</strong>：读写可以从指定的位置进行，不必每次从头顺序开始。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>方式</th>
<th>特点</th>
<th>适用文件</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>顺序</td>
<td>读写指针自动后移</td>
<td>文本/二进制</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>随机</td>
<td>可定位任意位置读写</td>
<td>二进制</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="45" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="45" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F">顺序读写示意</h3>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-09.svg" alt="" style="width:1000px;" /></p>
<p>按文本格式，读入1个short 数据和1个char数据</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-built_in">fscanf</span>(fp, <span class="hljs-string">"%hd"</span>, &i); <span class="hljs-comment">// x = 123 </span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">fscanf</span>(fp, <span class="hljs-string">"%c"</span>, &c); <span class="hljs-comment">// x = 'a'</span>
</code></pre>
<p><strong>文本文件只能顺序读写</strong>，因为其数据非定长，不能直接定位。</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="46" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="46" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F">随机读写示意</h3>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-10.svg" alt="" style="width:1000px;" /></p>
<ul>
<li>二进制文件数据长度由明确类型给出，<strong>既能顺序，也能随机读写</strong>。</li>
<li>利用文件的<strong>定位函数</strong>和文件的读写函数，即可实现文件的随机读写。</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="47" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="47" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0">文件定位函数</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fseek</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">long</span> offset, <span class="hljs-type">int</span> origin)</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">long</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">ftell</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">rewind</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fgetpos</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">fpos_t</span> *pos)</span>;
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fsetpos</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">fpos_t</span> *pos)</span>;
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="48" data-marpit-scope-lp1ZcjI0="" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="48" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0fseek">文件定位函数<code>fseek</code></h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fseek</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">long</span> offset, <span class="hljs-type">int</span> origin)</span>;
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>将<code>stream</code>指向的文件之当前读写指针，定位到<code>origin + offset</code>
<ul>
<li>如果正常定位，返回0，否则返回非0值。</li>
<li><code>origin</code>和<code>offset</code>分别称为基准点和偏移量。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="columns">
<div>
<p><img src="images/c-file-fig-11.svg" alt="" style="width:350px;" /></p>
</div>
<div>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-comment">// origin 基准点取值</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> SEEK_SET 0 <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件起始位置为基准点 </span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> SEEK_CUR 1 <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件当前位置为基准点</span></span>
<span class="hljs-meta">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> SEEK_END 2 <span class="hljs-comment">// 文件尾部位置为基准点</span></span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 获取文件当前位置</span>
<span class="hljs-type">long</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">ftell</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 当前位置相对于文件首的偏移字节数，出错时返回-1L</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="49" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="49" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0fgetpos%E5%92%8Cfsetpos">文件定位函数<code>fgetpos</code>和<code>fsetpos</code></h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fgetpos</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">fpos_t</span> *pos)</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>将<code>stream</code>指向文件的读写指针当前值，保存到<code>pos</code>指针所指的<code>fpos_t</code>类型的对象中。成功保存，fgetpos返回0，否则返回非0值。</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fsetpos</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">fpos_t</span> *pos)</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>用<code>fgetpos</code>函数保存到<code>pos</code>指针所指对象中的值来设置<code>stream</code>所指向文件的当前位置。设置成功函数返回0，否则返回非0值。</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="50" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="50" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h3 id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0rewind">文件定位函数<code>rewind</code></h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">rewind</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>将文件指针<code>stream</code>指向文件的读写指针重新定位到文件的起始位置，同时清除文件结束标志和出错标志。</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="51" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="51" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%83%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C">其它文件操作</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-c"><span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">fflush</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 强制刷新缓冲区</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">setvbuf</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *buf, <span class="hljs-type">int</span> mode, <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> size)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 自定义缓冲区</span>
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">setbuf</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream, <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *buf)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 默认缓冲区</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">remove</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> * filename)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 删除文件</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">rename</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> * oldname, <span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> * newname)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 重命名文件</span>
FILE * <span class="hljs-title function_">tmpfile</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">void</span>)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 创建临时文件</span>
<span class="hljs-type">char</span> * <span class="hljs-title function_">tmpnam</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">char</span> *s)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 生成临时文件名</span>
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">clearerr</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 清除错误标志</span>
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">ferror</span><span class="hljs-params">(FILE *stream)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 测试文件错误</span>
<span class="hljs-type">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">perror</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-type">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> *s)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// 打印错误信息</span>
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="52" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="52" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;" data-marpit-pagination-total="52">
<h2 id="%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93">总结</h2>
<ul>
<li>文件操作是C语言中重要的<strong>数据持久化</strong>手段</li>
<li>掌握<strong>文本文件</strong>和<strong>二进制文件</strong>的区别及适用场景</li>
<li>熟练使用各种文件<strong>读写函数</strong>（字符、字符串、格式、二进制）</li>
<li>理解<strong>顺序读写</strong>和<strong>随机读写</strong>的原理及应用</li>
<li>掌握<strong>文件定位</strong>和<strong>错误处理</strong>的方法</li>
</ul>
</section>
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