diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 84e8d02..5130d5e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "num",
  "regex",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -404,6 +404,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "zstd-safe",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "async-lock"
+version = "3.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5fd03604047cee9b6ce9de9f70c6cd540a0520c813cbd49bae61f33ab80ed1dc"
+dependencies = [
+ "event-listener",
+ "event-listener-strategy",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "async-stream"
 version = "0.3.6"
@@ -730,6 +741,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-width 0.2.1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "concurrent-queue"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ca0197aee26d1ae37445ee532fefce43251d24cc7c166799f4d46817f1d3973"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
 version = "0.15.11"
@@ -792,6 +812,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-channel"
+version = "0.5.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "82b8f8f868b36967f9606790d1903570de9ceaf870a7bf9fbbd3016d636a2cb2"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-epoch"
+version = "0.9.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
 version = "0.8.21"
@@ -1123,6 +1161,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "http",
  "insta",
  "itertools",
+ "moka",
  "object_store",
  "prost",
  "rand 0.8.5",
@@ -1367,7 +1406,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "recursive",
  "regex",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1626,6 +1665,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "event-listener"
+version = "5.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e13b66accf52311f30a0db42147dadea9850cb48cd070028831ae5f5d4b856ab"
+dependencies = [
+ "concurrent-queue",
+ "parking",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "event-listener-strategy"
+version = "0.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8be9f3dfaaffdae2972880079a491a1a8bb7cbed0b8dd7a347f668b4150a3b93"
+dependencies = [
+ "event-listener",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
 version = "2.3.0"
@@ -1769,6 +1829,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "slab",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "generator"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d18470a76cb7f8ff746cf1f7470914f900252ec36bbc40b569d74b1258446827"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "rustversion",
+ "windows",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
 version = "0.14.7"
@@ -2374,6 +2448,19 @@ version = "0.4.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "13dc2df351e3202783a1fe0d44375f7295ffb4049267b0f3018346dc122a1d94"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "loom"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "419e0dc8046cb947daa77eb95ae174acfbddb7673b4151f56d1eed8e93fbfaca"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "generator",
+ "scoped-tls",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lz4_flex"
 version = "0.11.5"
@@ -2394,6 +2481,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "pkg-config",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "matchers"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8263075bb86c5a1b1427b5ae862e8889656f126e9f77c484496e8b47cf5c5558"
+dependencies = [
+ "regex-automata 0.1.10",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "matchit"
 version = "0.7.3"
@@ -2442,6 +2538,38 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "moka"
+version = "0.12.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a9321642ca94a4282428e6ea4af8cc2ca4eac48ac7a6a4ea8f33f76d0ce70926"
+dependencies = [
+ "async-lock",
+ "crossbeam-channel",
+ "crossbeam-epoch",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+ "event-listener",
+ "futures-util",
+ "loom",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "portable-atomic",
+ "rustc_version",
+ "smallvec",
+ "tagptr",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "uuid",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nu-ansi-term"
+version = "0.46.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "77a8165726e8236064dbb45459242600304b42a5ea24ee2948e18e023bf7ba84"
+dependencies = [
+ "overload",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num"
 version = "0.4.3"
@@ -2540,7 +2668,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools",
  "parking_lot",
  "percent-encoding",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.12",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "url",
@@ -2570,6 +2698,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "overload"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b15813163c1d831bf4a13c3610c05c0d03b39feb07f7e09fa234dac9b15aaf39"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parking"
+version = "2.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f38d5652c16fde515bb1ecef450ab0f6a219d619a7274976324d5e377f7dceba"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
 version = "0.12.4"
@@ -2928,8 +3068,17 @@ checksum = "b544ef1b4eac5dc2db33ea63606ae9ffcfac26c1416a2806ae0bf5f56b201191"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
- "regex-automata",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-automata 0.4.9",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-automata"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c230d73fb8d8c1b9c0b3135c5142a8acee3a0558fb8db5cf1cb65f8d7862132"
+dependencies = [
+ "regex-syntax 0.6.29",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2940,9 +3089,15 @@ checksum = "809e8dc61f6de73b46c85f4c96486310fe304c434cfa43669d7b40f711150908"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.5",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-syntax"
+version = "0.6.29"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f162c6dd7b008981e4d40210aca20b4bd0f9b60ca9271061b07f78537722f2e1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
 version = "0.8.5"
@@ -3012,6 +3167,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "scoped-tls"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e1cf6437eb19a8f4a6cc0f7dca544973b0b78843adbfeb3683d1a94a0024a294"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
 version = "1.2.0"
@@ -3073,6 +3234,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sharded-slab"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f40ca3c46823713e0d4209592e8d6e826aa57e928f09752619fc696c499637f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "lazy_static",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "shlex"
 version = "1.3.0"
@@ -3266,6 +3436,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.104",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tagptr"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b2093cf4c8eb1e67749a6762251bc9cd836b6fc171623bd0a9d324d37af2417"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
 version = "3.20.0"
@@ -3288,13 +3464,33 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-width 0.1.14",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror"
+version = "1.0.69"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl 1.0.69",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "2.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "567b8a2dae586314f7be2a752ec7474332959c6460e02bde30d702a66d488708"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl",
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.12",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "1.0.69"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.104",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3308,6 +3504,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.104",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "thread_local"
+version = "1.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f60246a4944f24f6e018aa17cdeffb7818b76356965d03b07d6a9886e8962185"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thrift"
 version = "0.17.0"
@@ -3498,6 +3703,36 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b9d12581f227e93f094d3af2ae690a574abb8a2b9b7a96e7cfe9647b2b617678"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
+ "valuable",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-log"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ee855f1f400bd0e5c02d150ae5de3840039a3f54b025156404e34c23c03f47c3"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "tracing-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-subscriber"
+version = "0.3.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e8189decb5ac0fa7bc8b96b7cb9b2701d60d48805aca84a238004d665fcc4008"
+dependencies = [
+ "matchers",
+ "nu-ansi-term",
+ "once_cell",
+ "regex",
+ "sharded-slab",
+ "smallvec",
+ "thread_local",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-core",
+ "tracing-log",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3582,6 +3817,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "valuable"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba73ea9cf16a25df0c8caa16c51acb937d5712a8429db78a3ee29d5dcacd3a65"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vec_map"
 version = "0.8.2"
@@ -3750,6 +3991,28 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows"
+version = "0.61.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9babd3a767a4c1aef6900409f85f5d53ce2544ccdfaa86dad48c91782c6d6893"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-collections",
+ "windows-core",
+ "windows-future",
+ "windows-link",
+ "windows-numerics",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-collections"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3beeceb5e5cfd9eb1d76b381630e82c4241ccd0d27f1a39ed41b2760b255c5e8"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-core"
 version = "0.61.2"
@@ -3763,6 +4026,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-strings",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-future"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fc6a41e98427b19fe4b73c550f060b59fa592d7d686537eebf9385621bfbad8e"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core",
+ "windows-link",
+ "windows-threading",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-implement"
 version = "0.60.0"
@@ -3791,6 +4065,16 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5e6ad25900d524eaabdbbb96d20b4311e1e7ae1699af4fb28c17ae66c80d798a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-numerics"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9150af68066c4c5c07ddc0ce30421554771e528bde427614c61038bc2c92c2b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core",
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-result"
 version = "0.3.4"
@@ -3868,6 +4152,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-threading"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b66463ad2e0ea3bbf808b7f1d371311c80e115c0b71d60efc142cafbcfb057a6"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.52.6"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0235c81..0431d4d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ url = "2.5.4"
 uuid = "1.17.0"
 delegate = "0.13.4"
 dashmap = "6.1.0"
+moka = { version = "0.12", features = ["future"] }
 prost = "0.13.5"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 object_store = "0.12.3"
diff --git a/src/common/mod.rs b/src/common/mod.rs
index 812d1ed..572b996 100644
--- a/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+pub mod ttl_map;
 pub mod util;
diff --git a/src/common/ttl_map.rs b/src/common/ttl_map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12ff7e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/ttl_map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+/*
+TTLMap is a Moka-based cache that automatically removes entries after a specified time-to-live (TTL).
+
+Usage
+```rust
+let params = TTLMapParams { tick: Duration::from_secs(30), ttl: Duration::from_mins(5) };
+let ttl_map = TTLMap::new(params).await.unwrap();
+let value = ttl_map.get_or_init(key, || initial_value).await;
+```
+ */
+use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
+use moka::future::Cache;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+// TTLMap is a key-value store that automatically removes entries after a specified time-to-live.
+pub struct TTLMap<K, V> {
+    /// The Moka cache with TTL functionality
+    cache: Cache<K, V>,
+}
+
+pub struct TTLMapParams {
+    // tick is ignored when using Moka (kept for API compatibility)
+    pub tick: Duration,
+    // ttl is the time-to-live for entries
+    pub ttl: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Default for TTLMapParams {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tick: Duration::from_secs(3),
+            ttl: Duration::from_secs(60),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, V> TTLMap<K, V>
+where
+    K: Eq + Hash + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
+    V: Default + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    // new creates a new TTLMap.
+    pub async fn new(params: TTLMapParams) -> Result<Self, DataFusionError> {
+        if params.tick > params.ttl {
+            return Err(DataFusionError::Configuration(
+                "tick duration must be less than or equal to ttl duration".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let cache = Cache::builder()
+            .time_to_live(params.ttl)
+            .build();
+        Ok(Self { cache })
+    }
+
+    async fn _new(_tick: Duration, ttl: Duration) -> Self {
+        let cache = Cache::builder()
+            .time_to_live(ttl)
+            .build();
+        Self { cache }
+    }
+
+    /// get_or_default executes the provided closure with a reference to the map entry for the given key.
+    /// If the key does not exist, it inserts a new entry with the default value.
+    pub async fn get_or_init<F>(&self, key: K, f: F) -> V
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> V,
+    {
+        self.cache.get_with(key, async move { f() }).await
+    }
+
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_basic_insert_and_get() {
+        let ttl_map =
+            TTLMap::<String, i32>::_new(Duration::from_millis(100), Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("key1".to_string(), || 42).await;
+
+        let value = ttl_map.get_or_init("key1".to_string(), || 0).await;
+        assert_eq!(value, 42);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_moka_cache_created() {
+        let ttl_map =
+            TTLMap::<String, i32>::_new(Duration::from_millis(100), Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+
+        // Verify that the cache is properly initialized
+        assert_eq!(ttl_map.cache.entry_count(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_gc_expiration() {
+        let ttl_map =
+            TTLMap::<String, i32>::_new(Duration::from_millis(50), Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+
+        // Initial batch of entries
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("key1".to_string(), || 42).await;
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("key2".to_string(), || 84).await;
+        
+        // Verify entries exist by checking values
+        let value1 = ttl_map.get_or_init("key1".to_string(), || 999).await;
+        assert_eq!(value1, 42);
+        let value2 = ttl_map.get_or_init("key2".to_string(), || 999).await;
+        assert_eq!(value2, 84);
+
+        // Add more entries
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("key3".to_string(), || 168).await;
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("key4".to_string(), || 0).await; // Default value (0)
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("key5".to_string(), || 210).await;
+
+        // Verify default value was set
+        let default_value = ttl_map.get_or_init("key4".to_string(), || 999).await;
+        assert_eq!(default_value, 0);
+
+        // Wait for TTL to expire entries
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(150)).await;
+
+        // Run maintenance to clean up expired entries
+        ttl_map.cache.run_pending_tasks().await;
+
+        // Verify entries are expired by trying to get with different default values
+        let expired_value1 = ttl_map.get_or_init("key1".to_string(), || 777).await;
+        assert_eq!(expired_value1, 777); // Should get new default value, not cached 42
+
+        // Add new entries after expiration
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("new_key1".to_string(), || 999).await;
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("new_key2".to_string(), || 0).await; // Default value
+
+        // Verify values
+        let value1 = ttl_map.get_or_init("new_key1".to_string(), || 0).await;
+        assert_eq!(value1, 999);
+        let value2 = ttl_map.get_or_init("new_key2".to_string(), || 0).await;
+        assert_eq!(value2, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_concurrent_gc_and_access() {
+        let ttl_map = TTLMap::<String, i32>::new(TTLMapParams {
+            tick: Duration::from_millis(2),
+            ttl: Duration::from_millis(10),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let ttl_map = Arc::new(ttl_map);
+
+        // Spawn 5 concurrent tasks
+        let mut handles = Vec::new();
+        for task_id in 0..5 {
+            let map = Arc::clone(&ttl_map);
+            let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                for i in 0..20 {
+                    let key = format!("task{}_key{}", task_id, i % 4);
+                    map.get_or_init(key, || task_id * 100 + i).await;
+                    sleep(Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
+                }
+            });
+            handles.push(handle);
+        }
+
+        // Wait for all tasks to complete
+        for handle in handles {
+            handle.await.unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_basic_ttl_behavior() {
+        let ttl_map = TTLMap::<String, i32>::_new(
+            Duration::from_millis(10),
+            Duration::from_millis(50),
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        ttl_map.get_or_init("test_key".to_string(), || 999).await;
+        
+        // Verify entry exists
+        let value = ttl_map.get_or_init("test_key".to_string(), || 111).await;
+        assert_eq!(value, 999);
+
+        // Wait for expiration and run maintenance
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(60)).await;
+        ttl_map.cache.run_pending_tasks().await;
+
+        // Entry should be expired - trying to get it should return new default
+        let expired_value = ttl_map.get_or_init("test_key".to_string(), || 111).await;
+        assert_eq!(expired_value, 111);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 16)]
+    async fn bench_lock_contention() {
+        use std::time::Instant;
+
+        let ttl_map = TTLMap::<i32, i32>::new(TTLMapParams {
+            tick: Duration::from_secs(1),
+            ttl: Duration::from_secs(60),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let ttl_map = Arc::new(ttl_map);
+
+        let start_time = Instant::now();
+        let task_count = 100_000;
+
+        // Spawn tasks that repeatedly access random keys
+        let mut handles = Vec::new();
+        for task_id in 0..task_count {
+            let map = Arc::clone(&ttl_map);
+            let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let start = Instant::now();
+                let _value = map.get_or_init(rand::random(), || task_id * 1000).await;
+                start.elapsed().as_nanos()
+            });
+            handles.push(handle);
+        }
+
+        // Wait for all tasks and collect operation counts
+        let mut avg_time = 0;
+        for handle in handles {
+            avg_time += handle.await.unwrap();
+        }
+        avg_time /= task_count as u128;
+
+        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+        println!("\n=== TTLMap Moka Benchmark ===");
+        println!("Tasks: {}", task_count);
+        println!("Total time: {:.2?}", elapsed);
+        println!("Average latency: {:.2} μs per operation", avg_time / 1_000);
+        println!("Throughput: {:.2} ops/sec", task_count as f64 / elapsed.as_secs_f64());
+    }
+}