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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/advanced/elec_properties/band.md
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# Extracting Band Structure
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ABACUS can calculate the energy band structure, and the examples can be found in [examples/band](https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop/tree/develop/examples/band).
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Similar to the [DOS case](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/elec_properties/dos.html), we first, do a ground-state energy calculation ***with one additional keyword "[out_chg](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/input_files/input-main.html#out-chg)" in the INPUT file***:
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In ABACUS, in order to obtain the eigenvalues of Hamiltonian, or generally called band structure, examples can be found in [examples/band](https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop/tree/develop/examples/band).
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Similar to the [DOS case](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/elec_properties/dos.html), one first needs to perform a ground-state energy calculation ***with one additional keyword "[out_chg](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/input_files/input-main.html#out-chg)" in the INPUT file***:
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```
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out_chg 1
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out_chg 1
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```
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This will produce the converged charge density, which is contained in the file SPIN1_CHG.cube.
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Then, use the same `STRU` file, pseudopotential file and atomic orbital file (and the local density matrix file onsite.dm if DFT+U is used) to do a non-self-consistent calculation. In this example, the potential is constructed from the ground-state charge density from the proceeding calculation. Now the INPUT file is like:
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With this input parameter, the converged charge density will be output in the files such as `chgs1.cube`, `chgs2.cube`, etc.
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Then, one can use the same `STRU` file, pseudopotential files and atomic orbital files (and the local density matrix file onsite.dm if DFT+U is used) to do a non-self-consistent (NSCF) calculation. In this example, the potential is constructed from the ground-state charge density from the proceeding calculation. Now the INPUT file is like:
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```
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INPUT_PARAMETERS
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#Parameters (General)
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ntype 1
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nbands 8
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calculation nscf
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basis_type lcao
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read_file_dir ./
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nbands 8
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calculation nscf
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basis_type lcao
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read_file_dir ./
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#Parameters (Accuracy)
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ecutwfc 60
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scf_nmax 50
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scf_thr 1.0e-9
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pw_diag_thr 1.0e-7
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ecutwfc 60
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scf_nmax 50
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scf_thr 1.0e-9
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pw_diag_thr 1.0e-7
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#Parameters (File)
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init_chg file
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out_band 1
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init_chg file
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out_band 1
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out_proj_band 1
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#Parameters (Smearing)
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smearing_method gaussian
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smearing_sigma 0.02
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smearing_sigma 0.02
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```
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Here the the relevant k-point file KPT looks like,
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Here is a relevant k-point file KPT (in LINE mode):
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/advanced/elec_properties/hs_matrix.md
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## out_mat_hs
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Users may set the keyword [out_mat_hs](../input_files/input-main.md#out_mat_hs) to true for outputting the upper triangular part of the Hamiltonian matrices and overlap matrices for each k point into files in the directory `OUT.${suffix}`. It is available for both gamma_only and multi-k calculations.
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Users can set the keyword [out_mat_hs](../input_files/input-main.md#out_mat_hs) to true for outputting the upper triangular part of the Hamiltonian matrices and overlap matrices for each k point into files in the directory `OUT.${suffix}`. It is available for both gamma_only and multi-k calculations.
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The files are named `data-$k-H` and `data-$k-S`, where `$k` is a composite index consisting of the k point index as well as the spin index. The corresponding sequence of the orbitals can be seen in [Basis Set](../pp_orb.md#basis-set).
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The output of R-space matrices is controlled by the keyword [out_mat_hs2](../input_files/input-main.md#out_mat_hs2). This functionality is not available for gamma_only calculations. To generate such matrices for gamma only calculations, users should turn off [gamma_only](../input_files/input-main.md#gamma_only), and explicitly specify that gamma point is the only k point in the KPT file.
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For single-point SCF calculations, if nspin = 1 or nspin = 4, two files `data-HR-sparse_SPIN0.csr` and `data-SR-sparse_SPIN0.csr` are generated, which contain the Hamiltonian matrix $H(R)$ and overlap matrix $S(R)$ respectively. For nspin = 2, three files `data-HR-sparse_SPIN0.csr` and `data-HR-sparse_SPIN1.csr` and `data-SR-sparse_SPIN0.csr` are created, where the first two contain $H(R)$ for spin up and spin down, respectively.
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For single-point SCF calculations, if nspin = 1 or nspin = 4, two files `hrs1_nao.csr` and `sr_nao.csr` are generated, which contain the Hamiltonian matrix $H(R)$ and overlap matrix $S(R)$ respectively. For nspin = 2, three files `hrs1_nao.csr` and `hrs2_nao.csr` and `sr_nao.csr` are created, where the first two files correspodn to $H(R)$ for spin up and spin down, respectively.
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As for molecular dynamics calculations, the format is controlled by [out_interval](../input_files/input-main.md#out_interval) and [out_app_flag](../input_files/input-main.md#out_app_flag) in the same manner as the position matrix as detailed in [out_mat_r](../input_files/input-main.md#out_mat_r).
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- out_hs_multik : writing H(k) and S(k) for multi-k calculation
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- out_s_multik : running get_S for multi-k calculation
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Reference output files are provided in each directory.
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Reference output files are provided in each directory.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/advanced/elec_properties/wfc.md
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## wave function in real space
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One can also choose to output real-space wave function in PW basis calculation with the key word ***[out_wfc_r](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/input_files/input-main.html#out_wfc_r)***.
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After calculation, an additional directory named `wfc_realspace` will appear in the `OUT.${system}` directory.
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One can also choose to output real-space wave function in PW basis calculation with the key word ***[out_wfc_norm](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/input_files/input-main.html#out-wfc-norm)***.
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Notice: when the ***[basis_type](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/input_files/input-main.html#basis_type)*** is `lcao`, only `get_wf`***[calculation](https://abacus-rtd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/input_files/input-main.html#calculation)*** is effective. An example is [examples/wfc/lcao_ienvelope_Si2](https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop/tree/develop/examples/wfc/lcao_ienvelope_Si2).
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