diff --git a/tests/test_models.py b/tests/test_models.py
index 9ce1e5eb7..15f89856b 100644
--- a/tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/test_models.py
@@ -298,9 +298,11 @@ def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         # Insert many tokens, both expired and not, and grants.
         self.num_tokens = 100
-        now = timezone.now()
-        earlier = now - timedelta(seconds=100)
-        later = now + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        self.delta_secs = 1000
+        self.now = timezone.now()
+        self.earlier = self.now - timedelta(seconds=self.delta_secs)
+        self.later = self.now + timedelta(seconds=self.delta_secs)
+
         app = Application.objects.create(
             name="test_app",
             redirect_uris="http://localhost http://example.com http://example.org",
@@ -309,58 +311,54 @@ def setUp(self):
             authorization_grant_type=Application.GRANT_AUTHORIZATION_CODE,
         )
         # make 200 access tokens, half current and half expired.
-        expired_access_tokens = AccessToken.objects.bulk_create(
-            AccessToken(token="expired AccessToken {}".format(i), expires=earlier)
+        expired_access_tokens = [
+            AccessToken(token="expired AccessToken {}".format(i), expires=self.earlier)
             for i in range(self.num_tokens)
-        )
-        current_access_tokens = AccessToken.objects.bulk_create(
-            AccessToken(token=f"current AccessToken {i}", expires=later) for i in range(self.num_tokens)
-        )
+        ]
+        for a in expired_access_tokens:
+            a.save()
+
+        current_access_tokens = [
+            AccessToken(token=f"current AccessToken {i}", expires=self.later) for i in range(self.num_tokens)
+        ]
+        for a in current_access_tokens:
+            a.save()
+
         # Give the first half of the access tokens a refresh token,
         # alternating between current and expired ones.
-        RefreshToken.objects.bulk_create(
+        for i in range(0, len(expired_access_tokens) // 2, 2):
             RefreshToken(
                 token=f"expired AT's refresh token {i}",
                 application=app,
-                access_token=expired_access_tokens[i].pk,
+                access_token=expired_access_tokens[i],
                 user=self.user,
-            )
-            for i in range(0, len(expired_access_tokens) // 2, 2)
-        )
-        RefreshToken.objects.bulk_create(
+            ).save()
+
+        for i in range(1, len(current_access_tokens) // 2, 2):
             RefreshToken(
                 token=f"current AT's refresh token {i}",
                 application=app,
-                access_token=current_access_tokens[i].pk,
+                access_token=current_access_tokens[i],
                 user=self.user,
-            )
-            for i in range(1, len(current_access_tokens) // 2, 2)
-        )
+            ).save()
+
         # Make some grants, half of which are expired.
-        Grant.objects.bulk_create(
+        for i in range(self.num_tokens):
             Grant(
                 user=self.user,
                 code=f"old grant code {i}",
                 application=app,
-                expires=earlier,
+                expires=self.earlier,
                 redirect_uri="https://localhost/redirect",
-            )
-            for i in range(self.num_tokens)
-        )
-        Grant.objects.bulk_create(
+            ).save()
+        for i in range(self.num_tokens):
             Grant(
                 user=self.user,
                 code=f"new grant code {i}",
                 application=app,
-                expires=later,
+                expires=self.later,
                 redirect_uri="https://localhost/redirect",
-            )
-            for i in range(self.num_tokens)
-        )
-
-    def test_clear_expired_tokens(self):
-        self.oauth2_settings.REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_SECONDS = 60
-        assert clear_expired() is None
+            ).save()
 
     def test_clear_expired_tokens_incorect_timetype(self):
         self.oauth2_settings.REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_SECONDS = "A"
@@ -372,19 +370,61 @@ def test_clear_expired_tokens_incorect_timetype(self):
     def test_clear_expired_tokens_with_tokens(self):
         self.oauth2_settings.CLEAR_EXPIRED_TOKENS_BATCH_SIZE = 10
         self.oauth2_settings.CLEAR_EXPIRED_TOKENS_BATCH_INTERVAL = 0.0
-        at_count = AccessToken.objects.count()
-        assert at_count == 2 * self.num_tokens, f"{2 * self.num_tokens} access tokens should exist."
-        rt_count = RefreshToken.objects.count()
-        assert rt_count == self.num_tokens // 2, f"{self.num_tokens // 2} refresh tokens should exist."
-        gt_count = Grant.objects.count()
-        assert gt_count == self.num_tokens * 2, f"{self.num_tokens * 2} grants should exist."
+        self.oauth2_settings.REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_SECONDS = self.delta_secs // 2
+
+        # before clear_expired(), confirm setup as expected
+        initial_at_count = AccessToken.objects.count()
+        assert initial_at_count == 2 * self.num_tokens, f"{2 * self.num_tokens} access tokens should exist."
+        initial_expired_at_count = AccessToken.objects.filter(expires__lte=self.now).count()
+        assert (
+            initial_expired_at_count == self.num_tokens
+        ), f"{self.num_tokens} expired access tokens should exist."
+        initial_current_at_count = AccessToken.objects.filter(expires__gt=self.now).count()
+        assert (
+            initial_current_at_count == self.num_tokens
+        ), f"{self.num_tokens} current access tokens should exist."
+        initial_rt_count = RefreshToken.objects.count()
+        assert (
+            initial_rt_count == self.num_tokens // 2
+        ), f"{self.num_tokens // 2} refresh tokens should exist."
+        initial_rt_expired_at_count = RefreshToken.objects.filter(access_token__expires__lte=self.now).count()
+        assert (
+            initial_rt_expired_at_count == initial_rt_count / 2
+        ), "half the refresh tokens should be for expired access tokens."
+        initial_rt_current_at_count = RefreshToken.objects.filter(access_token__expires__gt=self.now).count()
+        assert (
+            initial_rt_current_at_count == initial_rt_count / 2
+        ), "half the refresh tokens should be for current access tokens."
+        initial_gt_count = Grant.objects.count()
+        assert initial_gt_count == self.num_tokens * 2, f"{self.num_tokens * 2} grants should exist."
+
         clear_expired()
-        at_count = AccessToken.objects.count()
-        assert at_count == self.num_tokens, "Half the access tokens should not have been deleted."
-        rt_count = RefreshToken.objects.count()
-        assert rt_count == self.num_tokens // 2, "Half of the refresh tokens should have been deleted."
-        gt_count = Grant.objects.count()
-        assert gt_count == self.num_tokens, "Half the grants should have been deleted."
+
+        # after clear_expired():
+        remaining_at_count = AccessToken.objects.count()
+        assert (
+            remaining_at_count == initial_at_count // 2
+        ), "half the initial access tokens should still exist."
+        remaining_expired_at_count = AccessToken.objects.filter(expires__lte=self.now).count()
+        assert remaining_expired_at_count == 0, "no remaining expired access tokens should still exist."
+        remaining_current_at_count = AccessToken.objects.filter(expires__gt=self.now).count()
+        assert (
+            remaining_current_at_count == initial_current_at_count
+        ), "all current access tokens should still exist."
+        remaining_rt_count = RefreshToken.objects.count()
+        assert remaining_rt_count == initial_rt_count // 2, "half the refresh tokens should still exist."
+        remaining_rt_expired_at_count = RefreshToken.objects.filter(
+            access_token__expires__lte=self.now
+        ).count()
+        assert remaining_rt_expired_at_count == 0, "no refresh tokens for expired AT's should still exist."
+        remaining_rt_current_at_count = RefreshToken.objects.filter(
+            access_token__expires__gt=self.now
+        ).count()
+        assert (
+            remaining_rt_current_at_count == initial_rt_current_at_count
+        ), "all the refresh tokens for current access tokens should still exist."
+        remaining_gt_count = Grant.objects.count()
+        assert remaining_gt_count == initial_gt_count // 2, "half the remaining grants should still exist."
 
 
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