[std.process] Make environment use ReadWriteMutex

Fixes #10580.

Make getEnvironPtr `@system`.
Use a ReadWriteMutex to protect reading and writing to environment.
Add `scope` to `getImpl` callback parameter.

Warning 1: This (currently) removes `nothrow @nogc` from `remove`.
Warning 2: I am not that experienced with locks, so bear that in mind,
I may have done something wrong. Or there may be a better solution,
please let me know.

Author: ntrel

std/process.d

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ $(LREF environment), $(LREF thisProcessID) and $(LREF thisThreadID).
 module std.process;
 
 import core.thread : ThreadID;
+import core.sync.rwmutex;
 
 version (Posix)
 {
@@ -160,6 +161,13 @@ private
 // Environment variable manipulation.
 // =============================================================================
 
+shared ReadWriteMutex mutex;
+
+shared static this()
+{
+    mutex = new shared ReadWriteMutex(mutex.Policy.PREFER_READERS);
+}
+
 /**
 Manipulates _environment variables using an associative-array-like
 interface.
@@ -259,12 +267,14 @@ static:
             import std.exception : enforce, errnoEnforce;
             if (value is null)
             {
+                // Note: remove needs write lock
                 remove(name);
                 return value;
             }
-            if (core.sys.posix.stdlib.setenv(name.tempCString(), value.tempCString(), 1) != -1)
+            synchronized (mutex.writer)
             {
-                return value;
+                if (core.sys.posix.stdlib.setenv(name.tempCString(), value.tempCString(), 1) != -1)
+                    return value;
             }
             // The default errno error message is very uninformative
             // in the most common case, so we handle it manually.
@@ -277,6 +287,8 @@ static:
         else version (Windows)
         {
             import std.windows.syserror : wenforce;
+
+            synchronized (mutex.writer)
             wenforce(
                 SetEnvironmentVariableW(name.tempCStringW(), value.tempCStringW()),
             );
@@ -296,8 +308,9 @@ static:
     multi-threaded programs. See e.g.
     $(LINK2 https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Environment-Access.html#Environment-Access, glibc).
     */
-    void remove(scope const(char)[] name) @trusted nothrow @nogc
+    void remove(scope const(char)[] name) @trusted //nothrow @nogc
     {
+        synchronized (mutex.writer)
         version (Windows)    SetEnvironmentVariableW(name.tempCStringW(), null);
         else version (Posix) core.sys.posix.stdlib.unsetenv(name.tempCString());
         else static assert(0);
@@ -329,6 +342,8 @@ static:
     {
         if (name is null)
             return false;
+
+        synchronized (mutex.reader)
         version (Posix)
             return core.sys.posix.stdlib.getenv(name.tempCString()) !is null;
         else version (Windows)
@@ -363,6 +378,8 @@ static:
     {
         import std.conv : to;
         string[string] aa;
+
+        synchronized (mutex.reader)
         version (Posix)
         {
             auto environ = getEnvironPtr;
@@ -428,12 +445,13 @@ private:
     // Retrieves the environment variable. Calls `sink` with a
     // temporary buffer of OS characters, or `null` if the variable
     // doesn't exist.
-    void getImpl(scope const(char)[] name, scope void delegate(const(OSChar)[]) @safe sink) @trusted
+    void getImpl(scope const(char)[] name, scope void delegate(scope const(OSChar)[]) @safe sink) @trusted
     {
         // fix issue https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=24549
         if (name is null)
             return sink(null);
 
+        synchronized (mutex.reader)
         version (Windows)
         {
             // first we ask windows how long the environment variable is,
@@ -1205,7 +1223,7 @@ private Pid spawnProcessPosix(scope const(char[])[] args,
             }
 
             // Execute program.
-            core.sys.posix.unistd.execve(argz[0], argz.ptr, envz is null ? getEnvironPtr : envz);
+            core.sys.posix.unistd.execve(argz[0], argz.ptr, envz);
 
             // If execution fails, exit as quickly as possible.
             abortOnError(forkPipeOut, InternalError.exec, .errno);
@@ -1511,7 +1529,7 @@ private Pid spawnProcessWin(scope const(char)[] commandLine,
 // on the form "name=value", optionally adding those of the current process'
 // environment strings that are not present in childEnv.  If the parent's
 // environment should be inherited without modification, this function
-// returns null.
+// returns environ directly.
 version (Posix)
 private const(char*)* createEnv(const string[string] childEnv,
                                 bool mergeWithParentEnv)
@@ -1521,7 +1539,7 @@ private const(char*)* createEnv(const string[string] childEnv,
     auto environ = getEnvironPtr;
     if (mergeWithParentEnv)
     {
-        if (childEnv.length == 0) return null;
+        if (childEnv.length == 0) return environ;
         while (environ[parentEnvLength] != null) ++parentEnvLength;
     }
 
@@ -1551,7 +1569,16 @@ version (Posix) @system unittest
     assert(e1 != null && *e1 == null);
 
     auto e2 = createEnv(null, true);
-    assert(e2 == null);
+    assert(e2 != null);
+    int i = 0;
+    auto environ = getEnvironPtr;
+    for (; environ[i] != null; ++i)
+    {
+        assert(e2[i] != null);
+        import core.stdc.string : strcmp;
+        assert(strcmp(e2[i], environ[i]) == 0);
+    }
+    assert(e2[i] == null);
 
     auto e3 = createEnv(["foo" : "bar", "hello" : "world"], false);
     assert(e3 != null && e3[0] != null && e3[1] != null && e3[2] == null);