Fix chain potentially mutating a stale object (#10643)

The constructor of the result of std.range.chain copies it's input tuple
and then has to check which of the input-ranges in the first non-empty
one. The member function empty is not guaranteed to be const, filter is
probably the most prominent function that has to be "primed". On the
first call to empty(), filter will try to advance all it's input ranges
to the first element that matches the predicate.
For ranges with full value semantics, using the old input object instead
of the new internal buffer means that the work of priming is done twice.
If any ranges have reference semantics, the references gets advances,
but the value-semantic parts of the range-composition gets reset.

This fixes #10561 and #9877

Author: Inkrementator

std/range/package.d

@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ if (Ranges.length > 0 &&
                 // We do this separately to avoid invoking `empty` needlessly.
                 // While not recommended, a range may depend on side effects of
                 // `empty` call.
-                foreach (i, ref v; input) if (!v.empty)
+                foreach (i, ref v; source) if (!v.empty)
                 {
                     frontIndex = i;
                     static if (bidirectional) backIndex = i+1;
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ if (Ranges.length > 0 &&
                     static foreach_reverse (i; 1 .. R.length + 1)
                 {
                     if (i <= frontIndex + 1) return;
-                    if (!input[i-1].empty)
+                    if (!source[i-1].empty)
                     {
                         backIndex = i;
                         return;
@@ -11019,6 +11019,23 @@ auto only()()
     static assert(!__traits(compiles, () { r3[0] = 789; }));
 }
 
+// https://github.com/dlang/phobos/issues/10561
+@safe unittest
+{
+    static struct Range
+    {
+        private int i;
+
+        enum bool empty = false;
+        int front() => i;
+        void popFront() { ++i; }
+    }
+    import std.algorithm;
+
+    assert(Range().take(10).filter!"a>8".chain(only(100)).equal([9,100]));
+    assert((new Range()).take(10).filter!"a>8".chain(only(100)).equal([9,100]));
+}
+
 /**
 Iterate over `range` with an attached index variable.