Update Linux versions in build pipeline (#115784)

Author: richlander

eng/pipelines/common/templates/pipeline-with-resources.yml

@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ extends:
           ROOTFS_DIR: /crossrootfs/x86
 
       linux_x64_dev_innerloop:
-        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:ubuntu-22.04
+        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:ubuntu-24.04
 
       linux_musl_x64_dev_innerloop:
-        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:alpine-3.19-WithNode
+        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:alpine-3.21-amd64
 
       linux_x64_sanitizer:
         image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:azurelinux-3.0-net10.0-cross-amd64-sanitizer
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ extends:
 
       # Used to test RHEL compatibility: CentOS Stream is upstream of RHEL
       SourceBuild_centos_x64:
-        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:centos-stream9
+        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:centos-stream-10-amd64
 
       # Used to test RHEL compatibility: Alma Linux is downstream of RHEL
       SourceBuild_linux_x64:
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ extends:
         image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:debian-12-gcc15-amd64
 
       linux_x64_llvmaot:
-        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:centos-stream8
+        image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:centos-stream-10-amd64
 
       browser_wasm:
         image: mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet-buildtools/prereqs:azurelinux-3.0-net10.0-webassembly-amd64