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feat(blockchain): Implementa el contrato de créditos de biodiversidad
Introduce el contrato ERC-1155 para BiodiversityCredits con una arquitectura de verificador por proyecto. Incluye un conjunto completo de tests y refactoriza los contratos existentes a ERC-1155 para alinearse con los requisitos del frontend.
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‎blockchain/contracts/BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack.sol‎

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
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pragma solidity ^0.8.28;
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/**
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* @title BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack_LatinHack
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* @author Equipo de desarrollo de E-co.lab
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* @notice Contrato diseñado para soportar múltiples proyectos, cada uno con su propio verificador.
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* Esta arquitectura permite alinear la experiencia del verificador (ej. biólogo marino, experto forestal)
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* con la naturaleza específica de cada proyecto de biodiversidad.
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*/
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contract BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack_LatinHack {
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// --- Variables de Estado ---
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address public admin;
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enum Status { Pending, Approved, Rejected }
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struct Project {
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address developer;
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address verifier; // El verificador específico para este proyecto
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string projectURI;
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bytes32 methodologyHash;
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Status status;
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}
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struct CreditBatch {
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uint256 projectId; // Vínculo al proyecto que originó este lote de créditos
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uint256 timestamp;
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uint256 totalMinted;
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}
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mapping(uint256 => Project) public projects;
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uint256 private _nextProjectId;
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mapping(uint256 => CreditBatch) public creditBatchDetails;
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uint256 private _nextCreditId;
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// Estructuras de datos ERC-1155
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mapping(uint256 => mapping(address => uint256)) private _balances;
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mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;
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// --- Eventos ---
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event TransferSingle(address indexed operator, address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 id, uint256 amount);
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event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
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event ProjectRegistered(uint256 indexed projectId, address indexed developer, address indexed verifier);
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event ProjectStatusUpdated(uint256 indexed projectId, Status newStatus);
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event CreditBatchCertified(uint256 indexed creditId, uint256 indexed projectId, address indexed verifier, address creditOwner, uint256 amount);
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event CreditsRetired(uint256 indexed creditId, address indexed retiredBy, uint256 amount);
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// --- Modificadores ---
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modifier onlyAdmin() {
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require(msg.sender == admin, "Llamador no es el admin");
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_;
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}
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// --- Constructor ---
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/**
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* @dev El constructor establece los roles iniciales de administración y verificación.
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* @param _initialAdmin La dirección que gestionará el contrato.
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*/
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constructor(address _initialAdmin) {
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admin = _initialAdmin;
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}
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// --- Gestión de Proyectos ---
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/**
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* @notice INDICACIÓN CRÍTICA DE DISEÑO:
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* Para mitigar la centralización y el riesgo de un único punto de fallo, la dirección
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* '_verifier' DEBERÍA ser una cartera multi-firma (multisig) nativa de Polkadot (Substrate).
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* Esto asegura que la acuñación de nuevos créditos requiera el consenso de múltiples partes
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* independientes, aumentando la confianza y la robustez del sistema.
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*/
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function registerProject(address _verifier, string memory _projectURI, bytes32 _methodologyHash) external returns (uint256) {
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require(_verifier != address(0), "El verificador no puede ser la direccion cero");
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uint256 projectId = _nextProjectId++;
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projects[projectId] = Project({
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developer: msg.sender,
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verifier: _verifier,
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projectURI: _projectURI,
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methodologyHash: _methodologyHash,
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status: Status.Pending
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});
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emit ProjectRegistered(projectId, msg.sender, _verifier);
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return projectId;
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}
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function updateProjectStatus(uint256 _projectId, Status _newStatus) external onlyAdmin {
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require(projects[_projectId].developer != address(0), "El proyecto no existe");
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projects[_projectId].status = _newStatus;
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emit ProjectStatusUpdated(_projectId, _newStatus);
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}
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// --- Lógica Principal del Negocio ---
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function certifyAndMintBatch(uint256 _projectId, address _creditOwner, uint256 _amount) external {
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Project storage project = projects[_projectId];
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require(project.status == Status.Approved, "El proyecto no esta aprobado");
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require(msg.sender == project.verifier, "Llamador no es el verificador de este proyecto");
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uint256 creditId = _nextCreditId++;
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creditBatchDetails[creditId] = CreditBatch({
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projectId: _projectId,
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timestamp: block.timestamp,
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totalMinted: _amount
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});
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_mint(_creditOwner, creditId, _amount);
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emit CreditBatchCertified(creditId, _projectId, msg.sender, _creditOwner, _amount);
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}
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function retireCredits(uint256 _creditId, uint256 _amount) external {
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burn(msg.sender, _creditId, _amount);
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emit CreditsRetired(_creditId, msg.sender, _amount);
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}
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// --- Implementación Mínima de ERC-1155 ---
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function balanceOf(address _account, uint256 _id) public view returns (uint256) {
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return _balances[_id][_account];
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}
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function setApprovalForAll(address _operator, bool _approved) public {
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_operatorApprovals[msg.sender][_operator] = _approved;
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emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, _operator, _approved);
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}
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function isApprovedForAll(address _account, address _operator) public view returns (bool) {
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return _operatorApprovals[_account][_operator];
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}
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function safeTransferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _id, uint256 _amount, bytes memory _data) public {
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require(_from == msg.sender || isApprovedForAll(_from, msg.sender), "ERC1155: no autorizado para transferir");
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require(_to != address(0), "ERC1155: no se puede transferir a la direccion cero");
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require(_balances[_id][_from] >= _amount, "ERC1155: balance insuficiente");
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_balances[_id][_from] -= _amount;
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_balances[_id][_to] += _amount;
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emit TransferSingle(msg.sender, _from, _to, _id, _amount);
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}
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function burn(address _from, uint256 _id, uint256 _amount) public {
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require(_from == msg.sender || isApprovedForAll(_from, msg.sender), "ERC1155: no autorizado para quemar");
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require(_balances[_id][_from] >= _amount, "ERC1155: balance insuficiente para quemar");
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_balances[_id][_from] -= _amount;
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emit TransferSingle(msg.sender, _from, address(0), _id, _amount);
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}
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function _mint(address _to, uint256 _id, uint256 _amount) private {
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require(_to != address(0), "ERC1155: no se puede acunar a la direccion cero");
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_balances[_id][_to] += _amount;
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emit TransferSingle(msg.sender, address(0), _to, _id, _amount);
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}
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}

‎blockchain/test/BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack.test.ts‎

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import { expect } from "chai";
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import { ethers } from "hardhat";
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import { HardhatEthersSigner } from "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ethers/signers";
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import { BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack } from "../typechain-types";
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// Describe el conjunto de pruebas para el contrato BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack con verificador por proyecto
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describe("BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack", function () {
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let contract: BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack;
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let admin: HardhatEthersSigner;
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let developer: HardhatEthersSigner;
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let verifier1: HardhatEthersSigner;
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let verifier2: HardhatEthersSigner; // Un segundo verificador para probar la lógica de permisos
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let creditOwner: HardhatEthersSigner;
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let anotherUser: HardhatEthersSigner;
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const projectURI = "ipfs://some-project-metadata";
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const methodologyHash = ethers.encodeBytes32String("METODOLOGIA_V1");
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const PROJECT_ID_0 = 0;
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const STATUS_PENDING = 0;
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const STATUS_APPROVED = 1;
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const STATUS_REJECTED = 2;
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beforeEach(async function () {
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[admin, developer, verifier1, verifier2, creditOwner, anotherUser] = await ethers.getSigners();
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const Factory = await ethers.getContractFactory("BiodiversityCredits_LatinHack");
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contract = await Factory.deploy(admin.address);
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await contract.waitForDeployment();
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});
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describe("Despliegue y Roles Iniciales", function () {
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it("Debería establecer el admin correctamente en el despliegue", async function () {
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expect(await contract.admin()).to.equal(admin.address);
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});
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});
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describe("Ciclo de Vida del Proyecto", function () {
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it("Debería permitir a un desarrollador registrar un nuevo proyecto", async function () {
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await expect(contract.connect(developer).registerProject(verifier1.address, projectURI, methodologyHash))
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.to.emit(contract, "ProjectRegistered")
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.withArgs(PROJECT_ID_0, developer.address, verifier1.address);
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const project = await contract.projects(PROJECT_ID_0);
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expect(project.developer).to.equal(developer.address);
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expect(project.verifier).to.equal(verifier1.address);
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expect(project.status).to.equal(STATUS_PENDING);
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});
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it("Debería permitir al admin aprobar un proyecto", async function () {
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await contract.connect(developer).registerProject(verifier1.address, projectURI, methodologyHash);
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await expect(contract.connect(admin).updateProjectStatus(PROJECT_ID_0, STATUS_APPROVED))
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.to.emit(contract, "ProjectStatusUpdated")
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.withArgs(PROJECT_ID_0, STATUS_APPROVED);
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const project = await contract.projects(PROJECT_ID_0);
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expect(project.status).to.equal(STATUS_APPROVED);
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});
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it("Debería impedir que un no-admin actualice el estado de un proyecto", async function () {
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await contract.connect(developer).registerProject(verifier1.address, projectURI, methodologyHash);
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await expect(
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contract.connect(developer).updateProjectStatus(PROJECT_ID_0, STATUS_APPROVED)
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).to.be.revertedWith("Llamador no es el admin");
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});
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});
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describe("certifyAndMintBatch (Acuñación)", function () {
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beforeEach(async function () {
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// Preparamos un proyecto aprobado para los tests de acuñación
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await contract.connect(developer).registerProject(verifier1.address, projectURI, methodologyHash);
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await contract.connect(admin).updateProjectStatus(PROJECT_ID_0, STATUS_APPROVED);
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});
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it("Debería permitir al verificador del proyecto acuñar créditos", async function () {
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const amount = 100;
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const FIRST_CREDIT_ID = 0;
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await expect(contract.connect(verifier1).certifyAndMintBatch(PROJECT_ID_0, creditOwner.address, amount))
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.to.emit(contract, "CreditBatchCertified");
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expect(await contract.balanceOf(creditOwner.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID)).to.equal(amount);
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const batchDetails = await contract.creditBatchDetails(FIRST_CREDIT_ID);
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expect(batchDetails.projectId).to.equal(PROJECT_ID_0);
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});
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it("Debería impedir que un verificador de OTRO proyecto acuñe créditos", async function () {
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const amount = 100;
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await expect(
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contract.connect(verifier2).certifyAndMintBatch(PROJECT_ID_0, creditOwner.address, amount)
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).to.be.revertedWith("Llamador no es el verificador de este proyecto");
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});
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it("Debería impedir la acuñación para un proyecto que no está aprobado", async function () {
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const NEW_PROJECT_ID = 1;
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await contract.connect(developer).registerProject(verifier1.address, "uri2", methodologyHash); // Este proyecto está 'Pending'
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const amount = 100;
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await expect(
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contract.connect(verifier1).certifyAndMintBatch(NEW_PROJECT_ID, creditOwner.address, amount)
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).to.be.revertedWith("El proyecto no esta aprobado");
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});
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});
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describe("Funcionalidad ERC-1155 (Transferencia, Quema, Aprobación)", function () {
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const amountMinted = 1000;
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const FIRST_CREDIT_ID = 0;
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beforeEach(async function () {
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// Flujo completo para tener créditos con los que trabajar
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await contract.connect(developer).registerProject(verifier1.address, projectURI, methodologyHash);
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await contract.connect(admin).updateProjectStatus(PROJECT_ID_0, STATUS_APPROVED);
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await contract.connect(verifier1).certifyAndMintBatch(PROJECT_ID_0, creditOwner.address, amountMinted);
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});
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it("Debería permitir al dueño de los créditos transferir una porción", async function () {
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const transferAmount = 300;
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await contract.connect(creditOwner).safeTransferFrom(creditOwner.address, anotherUser.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID, transferAmount, "0x");
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const ownerBalance = amountMinted - transferAmount;
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expect(await contract.balanceOf(creditOwner.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID)).to.equal(ownerBalance);
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expect(await contract.balanceOf(anotherUser.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID)).to.equal(transferAmount);
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});
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it("Debería permitir a un operador aprobado transferir créditos", async function () {
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const transferAmount = 500;
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await contract.connect(creditOwner).setApprovalForAll(admin.address, true);
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await contract.connect(admin).safeTransferFrom(creditOwner.address, anotherUser.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID, transferAmount, "0x");
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const ownerBalance = amountMinted - transferAmount;
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expect(await contract.balanceOf(creditOwner.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID)).to.equal(ownerBalance);
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});
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it("Debería permitir al dueño de los créditos retirarlos (quemarlos)", async function () {
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const retireAmount = 250;
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await contract.connect(creditOwner).retireCredits(FIRST_CREDIT_ID, retireAmount);
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const ownerBalance = amountMinted - retireAmount;
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expect(await contract.balanceOf(creditOwner.address, FIRST_CREDIT_ID)).to.equal(ownerBalance);
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});
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});
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});

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