fix cargo-pgrx and pgrx-tests on Windows (pgcentralfoundation#1934)

Notes:
1. postgres must run without administrator privileges, so switch calling
`postgres` directly to starting postgres by `pg_ctl` in testing
2. Add Windows CI
3. known issue: `pgrx-cshim.c` is compiled with `-flto`, because,
without this flag, `pgrx_embed.exe` is linked to `postgres.exe`
4. known issue: `cargo-pgrx` downloads, instead of building, postgres
binaries from EDB website
5. known issue: `cargo pgrx run` and `cargo pgrx test` always print logs
for `pg_ctl start` on Windows (pipes generated by
`std::process::Command` are leaked to postgres, a command with
`Stdio::piped()` hangs, so we use `Stdio::inherit()` on Windows)
6. breaking change: this pull request fixes `PgLwLock` and `PgAtomic`
but introduces a breaking change about `PgLwLock` and `PgAtomic`: name
must be provided at `PgLwLock/PgAtomic::new`, `PgLwLock::from_named` is
removed and a parameter of `PgLwLock::attach` changes
7. breaking change: this pull request makes everything `C-unwind` and
it's necessary for downstream to switch from `C` to `C-unwind`
8. regression: `cargo-pgrx` users need to execute `sudo sysctl
fs.protected_fifos=0` before using `--runas` on Linux

Author: usamoi

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ r = "run --features"
 [target.'cfg(target_os="macos")']
 # Postgres symbols won't be available until runtime
 rustflags = ["-Clink-arg=-Wl,-undefined,dynamic_lookup"]
+
+[target.'cfg(target_env="msvc")']
+linker = "lld-link"

.github/workflows/runas.yml

@@ -93,4 +93,6 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo pgrx init --pg14=$(which pg_config)
 
       - name: Test cargo pgrx test --runas
-        run: cd pgrx-examples/arrays && cargo pgrx test pg14 --runas postgres --pgdata=/tmp/pgdata
+        run: |
+          echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/fs/protected_fifos
+          cd pgrx-examples/arrays && cargo pgrx test pg14 --runas postgres --pgdata=/tmp/pgdata

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -579,3 +579,78 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Stop sccache server
         run: sccache --stop-server || true
+
+  build_windows:
+    name: Windows build & test
+    needs: lintck
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'nogha')"
+    env:
+      RUSTC_WRAPPER: sccache
+      SCCACHE_DIR: C:\Users\runneradmin\sccache
+      SCCACHE_IDLE_TIMEOUT: 0
+      PG_VER: ${{ matrix.postgresql }}
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ "windows-2022" ]
+        postgresql: [ 13, 17 ]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up prerequisites and environment
+        run: |
+          Write-Output ""
+
+          echo "----- Install sccache -----"
+          Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://github.com/mozilla/sccache/releases/download/v0.5.4/sccache-v0.5.4-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc.tar.gz" -OutFile "sccache.tar.gz"
+          tar -xzvf sccache.tar.gz
+          Move-Item -Force "sccache-v0.5.4-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\sccache.exe" -Destination "C:\Windows\System32"
+          New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $env:SCCACHE_DIR | Out-Null
+          sccache --version
+
+          rustup update
+
+          Write-Output "----- Outputting env -----"
+          Get-ChildItem Env:
+          Write-Output ""
+
+
+      - name: Cache sccache directory
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        continue-on-error: false
+        with:
+          path: C:\Users\runneradmin\sccache
+          key: pgrx-sccache-${{matrix.os}}-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock', '.github/workflows/tests.yml', '.cargo/config.toml') }}
+
+      - name: Cache cargo directory
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cargo
+          key: pgrx-cargo-${{matrix.os}}-tests-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock', '.github/workflows/tests.yml', '.cargo/config.toml') }}
+
+      - name: Start sccache server
+        run: sccache --start-server
+
+      - name: Print sccache stats
+        run: sccache --show-stats
+
+      - name: Install cargo-pgrx
+        run: cargo install --path cargo-pgrx/ --debug --force
+
+      - name: Print sccache stats
+        run: sccache --show-stats
+
+      - name: Run 'cargo pgrx init'
+        run: cargo pgrx init --pg$env:PG_VER=download
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: cargo test --all --no-default-features --features "pg$env:PG_VER pg_test cshim proptest" --all-targets
+
+      - name: Print sccache stats
+        run: sccache --show-stats
+
+      - name: Stop sccache server
+        run: sccache --stop-server || true