Add some docs explaining filter performance and behavior for HNSW (#110108) (#110145)

Author: benwtrent

docs/reference/search/search-your-data/knn-search.asciidoc

@@ -410,6 +410,24 @@ post-filtering approach, where the filter is applied **after** the approximate
 kNN search completes. Post-filtering has the downside that it sometimes
 returns fewer than k results, even when there are enough matching documents.
 
+[discrete]
+[[approximate-knn-search-and-filtering]]
+==== Approximate kNN search and filtering
+
+Unlike conventional query filtering, where more restrictive filters typically lead to faster queries,
+applying filters in an approximate kNN search with an HNSW index can decrease performance.
+This is because searching the HNSW graph requires additional exploration to obtain the `num_candidates`
+that meet the filter criteria.
+
+To avoid significant performance drawbacks, Lucene implements the following strategies per segment:
+
+* If the filtered document count is less than or equal to num_candidates, the search bypasses the HNSW graph and
+uses a brute force search on the filtered documents.
+
+* While exploring the HNSW graph, if the number of nodes explored exceeds the number of documents that satisfy the filter,
+the search will stop exploring the graph and switch to a brute force search over the filtered documents.
+
+
 [discrete]
 ==== Combine approximate kNN with other features