Fail cancelled CS requests without redundant wait for state update (#101905)

Just fail the request right away if it got cancelled.

Backports #96869 to 7.17 Closes #100671

Co-authored-by: Armin Braun <[email protected]>

Author: DaveCTurner

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/action/admin/cluster/state/TransportClusterStateAction.java

@@ -110,7 +110,10 @@ protected void masterOperation(
             ? acceptableClusterStatePredicate
             : acceptableClusterStatePredicate.or(clusterState -> clusterState.nodes().isLocalNodeElectedMaster() == false);
 
-        if (acceptableClusterStatePredicate.test(state) && cancellableTask.isCancelled() == false) {
+        if (cancellableTask.notifyIfCancelled(listener)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (acceptableClusterStatePredicate.test(state)) {
             ActionListener.completeWith(listener, () -> buildResponse(request, state));
         } else {
             assert acceptableClusterStateOrFailedPredicate.test(state) == false;