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Co-authored-by: David Kilfoyle <[email protected]>
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docs/reference/elasticsearch/index-lifecycle-actions/ilm-forcemerge.md

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Phases allowed: hot, warm.
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[Force merges](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-indices-forcemerge) the index into the specified maximum number of [segments](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-indices-segments). This operation is best effort. For example, shards that are relocating during a `forcemerge` will not be merged.
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[Force merges](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-indices-forcemerge) the index into the specified maximum number of [segments](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-indices-segments). This operation is performed on a best effort basis. For example, shards that are relocating during a `forcemerge` will not be merged.
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To use the `forcemerge` action in the `hot` phase, the `rollover` action **must** be present. If no rollover action is configured, {{ilm-init}} will reject the policy.
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Force merge is a resource-intensive operation. If too many force merges are triggered at once, it can negatively impact your cluster. For example, this can happen when you
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* modify an existing {{ilm-init}} policy's phase `min_age` such that indices trigger into force-merging phase faster.
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* apply an {{ilm-init}} policy that includes a force merge action to existing indices. If they meet the `min_age` criteria, they can immediately proceed through multiple actions. You can prevent this by increasing the `min_age` or setting `index.lifecycle.origination_date` to change how the index age is calculated.
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* apply an {{ilm-init}} policy that includes a force merge action to existing indices. If the indices meet the `min_age` criteria, they can immediately proceed through multiple actions. You can prevent this by increasing the `min_age` or setting `index.lifecycle.origination_date` to change how the index age is calculated.
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* run the [{{ilm-init}} Move Step API](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-ilm-move-to-step) against multiple indices.
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If you experience a force merge task queue backlog, you might need to increase the size of the force merge threadpool so indices can be force merged in parallel. To do this, configure the `thread_pool.force_merge.size` [cluster setting](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-cluster-get-settings). This is considered an expert setting override as this can have cascading performance impacts. Monitor cluster performance and increment the size of the thread pool slowly to reduce the backlog.
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If you experience a force merge task queue backlog, you might need to increase the size of the force merge threadpool so indices can be force merged in parallel. To do this, configure the `thread_pool.force_merge.size` [cluster setting](https://www.elastic.co/docs/api/doc/elasticsearch/operation/operation-cluster-get-settings).
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Force merging will be performed by the node hosting the shard. The [node's role](https://www.elastic.co/docs/deploy-manage/distributed-architecture/clusters-nodes-shards/node-roles#data-node-role) frequently is equal to the [data tier](https://www.elastic.co/docs/manage-data/lifecycle/data-tiers) of the {{ilm-init}}'s phase of the index, but this is not guaranteed. For example, a forcemerge in the
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* `hot` phase will use hot nodes; however, performing merges on this potentially higher performance hardware may have a trade off of impacting ingestion.
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* `warm` phase will use warm nodes; however, merges may potentially take longer to perform on less performant hardware but will avoid impacting ingestion in the `hot` tier.
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* `cold` or `frozen` phase [{{ilm-init}} Searchable Snapshots](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/elasticsearch/index-lifecycle-actions/ilm-searchable-snapshot) via `force_merge_index` happens on the preceeding data tier.
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::::{important}
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Note that `thread_pool.force_merge.size` is an advanced setting. Adjusting it can cause cascading performance impacts. Monitor cluster performance and increment the size of the thread pool slowly to reduce the backlog.
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::::
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Force merging will be performed by the node hosting the shard. The [node's role](docs-content://deploy-manage/distributed-architecture/clusters-nodes-shards/node-settings.md#node-roles) frequently matches the [data tier](docs-content://manage-data/lifecycle/data-tiers.md) of the {{ilm-init}}'s phase of the index, but this is not guaranteed. For example:
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* A force merge in the `hot` phase will use hot nodes. Merges may be faster on this potentially higher performance hardware but may have the tradeoff of impacting ingestion.
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* A force merge in the `warm` phase will use warm nodes. Merges may take longer to perform on potentially lower performance hardware but will avoid impacting ingestion in the `hot` tier.
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* A force merge in the `cold` or `frozen` phase [{{ilm-init}} Searchable Snapshots](./ilm-searchable-snapshot) using `force_merge_index` happens on the preceeding data tier.
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We recommend that merges be targetted against SSD and not HDD disks.
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