diff --git a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/EntitlementBootstrap.java b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/EntitlementBootstrap.java
index 928b953c295fe..3d364f4b53cec 100644
--- a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/EntitlementBootstrap.java
+++ b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/EntitlementBootstrap.java
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ private static PolicyManager createPolicyManager(
         PathLookup pathLookup,
         Policy serverPolicyPatch,
         Function<Class<?>, PolicyManager.PolicyScope> scopeResolver,
-        Map<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePaths
+        Map<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePathsResolver
     ) {
         FilesEntitlementsValidation.validate(pluginPolicies, pathLookup);
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ private static PolicyManager createPolicyManager(
             HardcodedEntitlements.agentEntitlements(),
             pluginPolicies,
             scopeResolver,
-            pluginSourcePaths,
+            pluginSourcePathsResolver::get,
             pathLookup
         );
     }
diff --git a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookup.java b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookup.java
index 361d77ff83477..3d2daf5e407c6 100644
--- a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookup.java
+++ b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookup.java
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 package org.elasticsearch.entitlement.runtime.policy;
 
+import org.elasticsearch.core.PathUtils;
+
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
@@ -16,6 +18,8 @@
  * Resolves paths for known directories checked by entitlements.
  */
 public interface PathLookup {
+    Class<?> DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS = PathUtils.getDefaultFileSystem().getClass();
+
     enum BaseDir {
         USER_HOME,
         CONFIG,
@@ -37,4 +41,6 @@ enum BaseDir {
      * paths of the given {@code baseDir}.
      */
     Stream<Path> resolveSettingPaths(BaseDir baseDir, String settingName);
+
+    boolean isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(Path path);
 }
diff --git a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookupImpl.java b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookupImpl.java
index e3474250d43f0..df259254025bb 100644
--- a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookupImpl.java
+++ b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PathLookupImpl.java
@@ -75,4 +75,9 @@ public Stream<Path> resolveSettingPaths(BaseDir baseDir, String settingName) {
             .toList();
         return getBaseDirPaths(baseDir).flatMap(path -> relativePaths.stream().map(path::resolve));
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(Path path) {
+        return path.getFileSystem().getClass() == DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyCheckerImpl.java b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyCheckerImpl.java
index 2c3374f594847..97236e653f4ba 100644
--- a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyCheckerImpl.java
+++ b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyCheckerImpl.java
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 package org.elasticsearch.entitlement.runtime.policy;
 
-import org.elasticsearch.core.PathUtils;
 import org.elasticsearch.core.Strings;
 import org.elasticsearch.core.SuppressForbidden;
 import org.elasticsearch.entitlement.instrumentation.InstrumentationService;
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@
  */
 @SuppressForbidden(reason = "Explicitly checking APIs that are forbidden")
 public class PolicyCheckerImpl implements PolicyChecker {
-    static final Class<?> DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS = PathUtils.getDefaultFileSystem().getClass();
+
     protected final Set<Package> suppressFailureLogPackages;
     /**
      * Frames originating from this module are ignored in the permission logic.
@@ -81,15 +80,14 @@ public PolicyCheckerImpl(
         this.pathLookup = pathLookup;
     }
 
-    private static boolean isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(Path path) {
-        var pathFileSystemClass = path.getFileSystem().getClass();
-        if (path.getFileSystem().getClass() != DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS) {
+    private boolean isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(Path path) {
+        if (pathLookup.isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(path) == false) {
             PolicyManager.generalLogger.trace(
                 () -> Strings.format(
                     "File entitlement trivially allowed: path [%s] is for a different FileSystem class [%s], default is [%s]",
                     path.toString(),
-                    pathFileSystemClass.getName(),
-                    DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS.getName()
+                    path.getFileSystem().getClass().getName(),
+                    PathLookup.DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS.getName()
                 )
             );
             return false;
@@ -217,7 +215,7 @@ public void checkFileRead(Class<?> callerClass, Path path) {
 
     @Override
     public void checkFileRead(Class<?> callerClass, Path path, boolean followLinks) throws NoSuchFileException {
-        if (PolicyCheckerImpl.isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(path) == false) {
+        if (isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(path) == false) {
             return;
         }
         var requestingClass = requestingClass(callerClass);
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ public void checkFileWrite(Class<?> callerClass, File file) {
 
     @Override
     public void checkFileWrite(Class<?> callerClass, Path path) {
-        if (PolicyCheckerImpl.isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(path) == false) {
+        if (isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(path) == false) {
             return;
         }
         var requestingClass = requestingClass(callerClass);
diff --git a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManager.java b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManager.java
index f7d465adee631..8c2c55822b6b2 100644
--- a/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManager.java
+++ b/libs/entitlement/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManager.java
@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
 import java.nio.file.Paths;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.function.Function;
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ private static Set<Module> findSystemLayerModules() {
         .filter(m -> SYSTEM_LAYER_MODULES.contains(m) == false)
         .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableSet());
 
-    private final Map<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePaths;
+    private final Function<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePathsResolver;
 
     /**
      * Paths that are only allowed for a single module. Used to generate
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ public PolicyManager(
         List<Entitlement> apmAgentEntitlements,
         Map<String, Policy> pluginPolicies,
         Function<Class<?>, PolicyScope> scopeResolver,
-        Map<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePaths,
+        Function<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePathsResolver,
         PathLookup pathLookup
     ) {
         this.serverEntitlements = buildScopeEntitlementsMap(requireNonNull(serverPolicy));
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ public PolicyManager(
             .stream()
             .collect(toUnmodifiableMap(Map.Entry::getKey, e -> buildScopeEntitlementsMap(e.getValue())));
         this.scopeResolver = scopeResolver;
-        this.pluginSourcePaths = pluginSourcePaths;
+        this.pluginSourcePathsResolver = pluginSourcePathsResolver;
         this.pathLookup = requireNonNull(pathLookup);
 
         List<ExclusiveFileEntitlement> exclusiveFileEntitlements = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -334,7 +336,10 @@ protected final ModuleEntitlements computeEntitlements(Class<?> requestingClass)
             default -> {
                 assert policyScope.kind() == PLUGIN;
                 var pluginEntitlements = pluginsEntitlements.get(componentName);
-                Collection<Path> componentPaths = pluginSourcePaths.getOrDefault(componentName, List.of());
+                Collection<Path> componentPaths = Objects.requireNonNullElse(
+                    pluginSourcePathsResolver.apply(componentName),
+                    Collections.emptyList()
+                );
                 if (pluginEntitlements == null) {
                     return defaultEntitlements(componentName, componentPaths, moduleName);
                 } else {
diff --git a/libs/entitlement/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManagerTests.java b/libs/entitlement/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManagerTests.java
index 21197fc6bd942..e1f20a0eae990 100644
--- a/libs/entitlement/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManagerTests.java
+++ b/libs/entitlement/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/PolicyManagerTests.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import java.net.URLClassLoader;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ public void testGetEntitlements() {
             List.of(),
             Map.of("plugin1", new Policy("plugin1", List.of(new Scope("plugin.module1", List.of(new ExitVMEntitlement()))))),
             c -> policyScope.get(),
-            Map.of("plugin1", plugin1SourcePaths),
+            Map.of("plugin1", plugin1SourcePaths)::get,
             TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
         );
         Collection<Path> thisSourcePaths = policyManager.getComponentPathsFromClass(getClass());
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ public void testAgentsEntitlements() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
             c -> c.getPackageName().startsWith(TEST_AGENTS_PACKAGE_NAME)
                 ? PolicyScope.apmAgent("test.agent.module")
                 : PolicyScope.plugin("test", "test.plugin.module"),
-            Map.of(),
+            name -> Collections.emptyList(),
             TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
         );
         ModuleEntitlements agentsEntitlements = policyManager.getEntitlements(TestAgent.class);
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ public void testDuplicateEntitlements() {
                 List.of(),
                 Map.of(),
                 c -> PolicyScope.plugin("test", moduleName(c)),
-                Map.of(),
+                name -> Collections.emptyList(),
                 TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
             )
         );
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ public void testDuplicateEntitlements() {
                 List.of(new CreateClassLoaderEntitlement(), new CreateClassLoaderEntitlement()),
                 Map.of(),
                 c -> PolicyScope.plugin("test", moduleName(c)),
-                Map.of(),
+                name -> Collections.emptyList(),
                 TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
             )
         );
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ public void testDuplicateEntitlements() {
                     )
                 ),
                 c -> PolicyScope.plugin("plugin1", moduleName(c)),
-                Map.of("plugin1", List.of(Path.of("modules", "plugin1"))),
+                Map.of("plugin1", List.of(Path.of("modules", "plugin1")))::get,
                 TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
             )
         );
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ public void testFilesEntitlementsWithExclusive() {
                     )
                 ),
                 c -> PolicyScope.plugin("", moduleName(c)),
-                Map.of("plugin1", List.of(Path.of("modules", "plugin1")), "plugin2", List.of(Path.of("modules", "plugin2"))),
+                Map.of("plugin1", List.of(Path.of("modules", "plugin1")), "plugin2", List.of(Path.of("modules", "plugin2")))::get,
                 TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
             )
         );
@@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ public void testFilesEntitlementsWithExclusive() {
                     )
                 ),
                 c -> PolicyScope.plugin("", moduleName(c)),
-                Map.of(),
+                name -> Collections.emptyList(),
                 TEST_PATH_LOOKUP
             )
         );
diff --git a/muted-tests.yml b/muted-tests.yml
index d1d71b3a760a5..2f5068cf8ff3d 100644
--- a/muted-tests.yml
+++ b/muted-tests.yml
@@ -495,21 +495,6 @@ tests:
 - class: org.elasticsearch.test.rest.yaml.RcsCcsCommonYamlTestSuiteIT
   method: test {p0=msearch/20_typed_keys/Multisearch test with typed_keys parameter for sampler and significant terms}
   issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/130472
-- class: org.elasticsearch.xpack.ssl.SSLErrorMessageFileTests
-  method: testMessageForKeyStoreOutsideConfigDir
-  issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/127192
-- class: org.elasticsearch.xpack.ssl.SSLErrorMessageFileTests
-  method: testMessageForPemKeyOutsideConfigDir
-  issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/127192
-- class: org.elasticsearch.xpack.ssl.SSLErrorMessageFileTests
-  method: testMessageForPemCertificateOutsideConfigDir
-  issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/127192
-- class: org.elasticsearch.xpack.ssl.SSLErrorMessageFileTests
-  method: testMessageForTrustStoreOutsideConfigDir
-  issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/127192
-- class: org.elasticsearch.xpack.ssl.SSLErrorMessageFileTests
-  method: testMessageForCertificateAuthoritiesOutsideConfigDir
-  issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/127192
 - class: org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.cluster.HierarchicalKMeansTests
   method: testHKmeans
   issue: https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/130497
diff --git a/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/TestEntitlementBootstrap.java b/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/TestEntitlementBootstrap.java
index 160d601e3e585..423c407650434 100644
--- a/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/TestEntitlementBootstrap.java
+++ b/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/bootstrap/TestEntitlementBootstrap.java
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@
 import java.util.TreeSet;
 
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toCollection;
-import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toSet;
 import static org.elasticsearch.entitlement.runtime.policy.PathLookup.BaseDir.CONFIG;
 import static org.elasticsearch.entitlement.runtime.policy.PathLookup.BaseDir.TEMP;
@@ -128,8 +126,6 @@ private static TestPolicyManager createPolicyManager(PathLookup pathLookup) thro
         } else {
             classPathEntries = Arrays.stream(classPathProperty.split(separator)).map(PathUtils::get).collect(toCollection(TreeSet::new));
         }
-        Map<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePaths = pluginNames.stream().collect(toMap(n -> n, n -> classPathEntries));
-
         FilesEntitlementsValidation.validate(pluginPolicies, pathLookup);
 
         String testOnlyPathString = System.getenv("es.entitlement.testOnlyPath");
@@ -148,8 +144,8 @@ private static TestPolicyManager createPolicyManager(PathLookup pathLookup) thro
             HardcodedEntitlements.agentEntitlements(),
             pluginPolicies,
             scopeResolver,
-            pluginSourcePaths,
             pathLookup,
+            classPathEntries,
             testOnlyClassPath
         );
     }
diff --git a/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPathLookup.java b/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPathLookup.java
index be99d8187f95e..458d83590758c 100644
--- a/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPathLookup.java
+++ b/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPathLookup.java
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 package org.elasticsearch.entitlement.runtime.policy;
 
+import org.apache.lucene.tests.mockfile.FilterFileSystem;
+
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -37,4 +39,14 @@ public Stream<Path> resolveSettingPaths(BaseDir baseDir, String settingName) {
         return Stream.empty();
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean isPathOnDefaultFilesystem(Path path) {
+        var fileSystem = path.getFileSystem();
+        if (fileSystem.getClass() != DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS) {
+            while (fileSystem instanceof FilterFileSystem ffs) {
+                fileSystem = ffs.getDelegate();
+            }
+        }
+        return fileSystem.getClass() == DEFAULT_FILESYSTEM_CLASS;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManager.java b/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManager.java
index 3d7387a6a2f3a..b504e51e119f7 100644
--- a/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManager.java
+++ b/test/framework/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManager.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public class TestPolicyManager extends PolicyManager {
      * We need this larger map per class instead.
      */
     final Map<Class<?>, ModuleEntitlements> classEntitlementsMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
-
+    final Collection<Path> classpath;
     final Collection<URI> testOnlyClasspath;
 
     public TestPolicyManager(
@@ -46,11 +46,12 @@ public TestPolicyManager(
         List<Entitlement> apmAgentEntitlements,
         Map<String, Policy> pluginPolicies,
         Function<Class<?>, PolicyScope> scopeResolver,
-        Map<String, Collection<Path>> pluginSourcePaths,
         PathLookup pathLookup,
+        Collection<Path> classpath,
         Collection<URI> testOnlyClasspath
     ) {
-        super(serverPolicy, apmAgentEntitlements, pluginPolicies, scopeResolver, pluginSourcePaths, pathLookup);
+        super(serverPolicy, apmAgentEntitlements, pluginPolicies, scopeResolver, name -> classpath, pathLookup);
+        this.classpath = classpath;
         this.testOnlyClasspath = testOnlyClasspath;
         reset();
     }
@@ -118,6 +119,11 @@ boolean isTriviallyAllowed(Class<?> requestingClass) {
         return super.isTriviallyAllowed(requestingClass);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected Collection<Path> getComponentPathsFromClass(Class<?> requestingClass) {
+        return classpath; // required to grant read access to the production source and test resources
+    }
+
     private boolean isEntitlementClass(Class<?> requestingClass) {
         return requestingClass.getPackageName().startsWith("org.elasticsearch.entitlement")
             && (requestingClass.getName().contains("Test") == false);
@@ -180,6 +186,9 @@ private boolean isTestCode(Class<?> requestingClass) {
         URI needle;
         try {
             needle = codeSource.getLocation().toURI();
+            if (needle.getScheme().equals("jrt")) {
+                return false; // won't be on testOnlyClasspath
+            }
         } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
             throw new IllegalStateException(e);
         }
diff --git a/test/framework/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManagerTests.java b/test/framework/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManagerTests.java
index 366e0bd5505fe..4a62355f398d8 100644
--- a/test/framework/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManagerTests.java
+++ b/test/framework/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/entitlement/runtime/policy/TestPolicyManagerTests.java
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ public void setupPolicyManager() {
             List.of(),
             Map.of(),
             c -> new PolicyScope(PLUGIN, "example-plugin" + scopeCounter.incrementAndGet(), "org.example.module"),
-            Map.of(),
             new TestPathLookup(Map.of()),
+            List.of(),
             List.of()
         );
         policyManager.setActive(true);
diff --git a/x-pack/plugin/security/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/ssl/SSLErrorMessageFileTests.java b/x-pack/plugin/security/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/ssl/SSLErrorMessageFileTests.java
index 4f64b780e1f97..2ac2d4ebf0c32 100644
--- a/x-pack/plugin/security/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/ssl/SSLErrorMessageFileTests.java
+++ b/x-pack/plugin/security/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/ssl/SSLErrorMessageFileTests.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 import org.elasticsearch.core.PathUtils;
 import org.elasticsearch.env.Environment;
 import org.elasticsearch.env.TestEnvironment;
-import org.elasticsearch.jdk.RuntimeVersionFeature;
 import org.elasticsearch.test.ESTestCase;
 import org.elasticsearch.xpack.core.ssl.SSLService;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -363,11 +362,6 @@ private void checkBlockedResource(
         String configKey,
         BiConsumer<String, Settings.Builder> configure
     ) throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(
-            "Requires Security Manager to block access, entitlements are not checked for unit tests",
-            RuntimeVersionFeature.isSecurityManagerAvailable()
-        );
-
         final String prefix = randomSslPrefix();
         final Settings.Builder settings = Settings.builder();
         configure.accept(prefix, settings);