diff --git a/lib/ex_doc/extras.ex b/lib/ex_doc/extras.ex
index 166e2f183..acf9bb365 100644
--- a/lib/ex_doc/extras.ex
+++ b/lib/ex_doc/extras.ex
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ defmodule ExDoc.Extras do
       extras_input
       |> Enum.map(&build_extra(&1, groups, config))
 
+    validate_no_duplicate_extras!(extras)
+
     ids_count = Enum.reduce(extras, %{}, &Map.update(&2, &1.id, 1, fn c -> c + 1 end))
 
     extras
@@ -23,6 +25,30 @@ defmodule ExDoc.Extras do
     |> Enum.sort_by(fn extra -> Config.index(groups, extra.group) end)
   end
 
+  # Detects duplicate ExtraNode entries by checking for collisions on the
+  # {source_path, id} pair.
+  #   - URLNodes are excluded since they don't produce output files.
+  #   - Two nodes are duplicates when they share both source_path and ID — meaning
+  #     the same file would generate the same output page.
+  #   - Nodes with different source paths or different IDs (e.g. via the
+  #     :filename option) are not duplicates.
+  #   - Nodes from different source files that happen to share an ID are handled
+  #     by disambiguate_id/2 instead.
+  defp validate_no_duplicate_extras!(extras) do
+    duplicates =
+      extras
+      |> Enum.filter(&match?(%ExDoc.ExtraNode{}, &1))
+      |> Enum.frequencies_by(fn extra -> {extra.source_path, extra.id} end)
+      |> Enum.filter(fn {_, count} -> count > 1 end)
+
+    if duplicates != [] do
+      entries = Enum.map_join(duplicates, ", ", fn {{source, _}, _} -> inspect(source) end)
+
+      raise ArgumentError,
+            "duplicate extras: #{entries}"
+    end
+  end
+
   defp disambiguate_id(extra, discriminator) do
     Map.put(extra, :id, "#{extra.id}-#{discriminator}")
   end
diff --git a/test/ex_doc/extras_test.exs b/test/ex_doc/extras_test.exs
index 626c55d66..3cbed87c8 100644
--- a/test/ex_doc/extras_test.exs
+++ b/test/ex_doc/extras_test.exs
@@ -323,6 +323,53 @@ defmodule ExDoc.ExtrasTest do
       end
     end
 
+    test "raises on duplicate extras", %{tmp_dir: tmp_dir} do
+      File.write!("#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", "# README")
+
+      assert_raise ArgumentError, ~r/duplicate extras/, fn ->
+        extras = ["#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", "#{tmp_dir}/readme.md"]
+        Extras.build(extras, config())
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "raises on same file with different non-filename options", %{tmp_dir: tmp_dir} do
+      File.write!("#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", "# README")
+
+      assert_raise ArgumentError, ~r/duplicate extras/, fn ->
+        extras = [
+          {"#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", [title: "A"]},
+          {"#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", [title: "B"]}
+        ]
+
+        Extras.build(extras, config())
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "raises when explicit filename matches derived id", %{tmp_dir: tmp_dir} do
+      File.write!("#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", "# README")
+
+      assert_raise ArgumentError, ~r/duplicate extras/, fn ->
+        extras = [
+          "#{tmp_dir}/readme.md",
+          {"#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", [filename: "readme"]}
+        ]
+
+        Extras.build(extras, config())
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "allows same file with different filename options", %{tmp_dir: tmp_dir} do
+      File.write!("#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", "# README")
+
+      extras = [
+        {"#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", [filename: "foo"]},
+        {"#{tmp_dir}/readme.md", [filename: "bar"]}
+      ]
+
+      result = Extras.build(extras, config())
+      assert length(result) == 2
+    end
+
     test "raises when title option is not a string", %{tmp_dir: tmp_dir} do
       File.write!("#{tmp_dir}/page.md", "# Page")