Currently, if Linux, install using apt so only works on Debian/Ubuntu based Linux.

From this guide:

• For Debian / Ubuntu: sudo apt update
• For Rocky / Fedora / RHEL: dnf check-update
• For FreeBSD Packages: sudo pkg update
• For FreeBSD Ports: sudo portsnap fetch update

From this superuser question:

#!/bin/sh
source /etc/os-release
echo $PRETTY_NAME

Of course, if you need to identify old versions or non-systemd distros as well, you could simply start with the above but if /etc/os-release does not exist jump to further heuristics