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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>ePO - eProcurement Ontology 2.0.0 [Report]</title>
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<body class="article toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1><strong>ePO - eProcurement Ontology 2.0.0</strong> [Report]</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-context">I. Context</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#about-epo-v1-00">About ePO v1.00</a></li>
<li><a href="#epo-v-20-0-objectives">ePO v.20.0. objectives</a></li>
<li><a href="#scope">Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#tasks-in-scope">Tasks in-scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#methodological-approach">Methodological approach</a></li>
<li><a href="#epo-governance">ePO governance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ii-information-requirements">II. Information Requirements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#the-data-element-dictionary-ded-v2-0-0">The Data Element Dictionary (DED v2.0.0)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#uses-of-the-ded">Uses of the DED</a></li>
<li><a href="#current-status-of-the-ded">Current status of the DED</a></li>
<li><a href="#content-of-the-ded">Content of the DED</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#iii-conceptual-data-model-cm">III. Conceptual Data Model (CM)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#cm-overview">CM Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-to-read-the-diagrams">How to read the diagrams</a></li>
<li><a href="#procurement-project">Procurement Project</a></li>
<li><a href="#procurement-procedure">Procurement Procedure</a></li>
<li><a href="#accelerated-procedure">Accelerated Procedure</a></li>
<li><a href="#procurement-terms">Procurement Terms</a></li>
<li><a href="#lots">Lots</a></li>
<li><a href="#technique">Technique</a></li>
<li><a href="#procuring-entity">Procuring Entity</a></li>
<li><a href="#economic-operator">Economic Operator</a></li>
<li><a href="#contract">Contract</a></li>
<li><a href="#tender">Tender</a></li>
<li><a href="#evaluation-result">Evaluation Result</a></li>
<li><a href="#contract-2">Contract</a></li>
<li><a href="#criterion">Criterion</a></li>
<li><a href="#award-criterion">Award Criterion</a></li>
<li><a href="#exclusion-grounds">Exclusion Grounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#selection-criterion">Selection Criterion</a></li>
<li><a href="#documents">Documents</a></li>
<li><a href="#contract-award-notice">Contract Award Notice</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-types">Data Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#iv-design-and-implementation">IV. Design and implementation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#epo-1-0-rdf-xml-vocabulary">ePo 1.0 RDF-XML vocabulary</a></li>
<li><a href="#epo-v2-0-0-owl-dl-syntax">ePO v2.0.0 OWL-DL syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="#codes-and-identifiers">Codes and Identifiers</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#alignment-to-ccts">Alignment to CCTS</a></li>
<li><a href="#codes-and-code-lists">Codes and code lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#identifiers">Identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#v-proof-of-concept">V. Proof of Concept</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#activity-1-use-cases">Activity 1: Use Cases</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-2-user-stories">Activity 2: User Stories</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-3-competency-questions">Activity 3: Competency Questions</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-4-review-cqs">Activity 4: Review CQs</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-5-input-data-set">Activity 5: Input Data Set</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-6-etl-process">Activity 6: ETL process</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#ted-to-epo-mapping">TED to ePO Mapping</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#technical-approach">Technical approach</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#code-execution">Code Execution</a></li>
<li><a href="#etl-configuration">ETL configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#activity-7-populate-graph-store">Activity 7: Populate Graph store</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-8-sparql-queries">Activity 8: SPARQL Queries</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#query-examples">Query examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#activity-9-test-and-debug">Activity 9: Test and debug</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#indicator-i-single-bidder">Indicator I: Single bidder</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#activity-10-validate-results">Activity 10: Validate results</a></li>
<li><a href="#activity-11-provide-feedback">Activity 11: Provide feedback</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#annex-i-types-of-documents-processed">Annex I: Types of documents processed</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="abstract"><a class="anchor" href="#abstract"></a><a class="link" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>In 2016 the <a href="https://publications.europa.eu/en/home">Publications Office of the European Union</a> (Publications Office or OP) started a project funded by the
<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/isa2/home_en">ISA Programme</a> to organise and support the development of a Public Procurement Ontology (ePO).</em></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>The ultimate objective of the ontology is to put forth a commonly agreed OWL ontology that will conceptualise, formally encode and make available in an open,
structured and machine-readable format data about public procurement, covering it from end to end, i.e. from notification, through tendering to awarding, ordering, invoicing and payment.
With this goal in mind the OP engaged a Working Group (WG) of experts with the mission of building consensus on the analysis results and deliverables developed by the OP’s teams.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>By mid-2017 a version 1.00 of the Ontology was delivered and submitted to the Working group for discussion. All the materials related to this version were made public and are accessible
through the ISA2 <a href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/solution/eprocurement-ontology">Joinup</a> platform; including the discussions held in the Working Group (WG).</em></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>A new stage of the development, identified as ePO v2.0.0, was initiated in January 2018. The goal of this new version is to improve and extend the previous version.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>This document describes the objectives, the methodological approach and the deliverables produced in this new version.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="i-context"><a class="anchor" href="#i-context"></a><a class="link" href="#i-context">I. Context</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Given the increasing importance of data standards for e-Procurement, a number of initiatives driven by the public sector,
the industry and academia have been launched in the recent years.
Some have grown organically, while others are the result of standardisation work.
The vocabularies and the semantics that they are introducing, the phases of public procurement they are covering,
and the technologies they are using vary greatly amongst themselves.
These differences hamper data interoperability and their reuse.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This situation creates the need for a common representation of the knowledge about the eProcurement domain as it is understood
and practiced in the European Union. For this to happen a common vocabulary, axioms and rules are needed.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This document describes the work carried out by the Publications Office and the working group to develop the
"eProcurement Ontology" (henceforth referred to as the ePO).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="about-epo-v1-00"><a class="anchor" href="#about-epo-v1-00"></a><a class="link" href="#about-epo-v1-00">About ePO v1.00</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>One fundamental document for the development of the eOP is its <a href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/2017-08/d02.02_project_charter_proposal_v1.00_0.pdf">Project Charter</a>. This document defines the principles, scope and the foreseen time-line and resources needed to develop the Ontology.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this document the ultimate objective was stated as "<em>to put forth a commonly agreed OWL Ontology that will conceptualise, formally encode and make available in an open, structured and machine-readable format data about public procurement, covering it from end to end, i.e. from notification, through tendering to awarding, ordering, invoicing and payment</em>".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The figure below represents the eProcurement Value-Chain as commonly envisaged in Europe (source: OP).</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/eProcurement_Value_Chain.png" alt="EU eProcurement Value-Chain" width="1000">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. eProcurement Value-Chain, an EU vision</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The scope of the Charter was set to cover the specification showing the conceptual model and its representation in OWL,
and the deployment of the ontology and related code lists and classifications on the
<a href="http://publications.europa.eu/mdr/">Metadata Registry</a>, which is being moved to EU Vocabularies.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The original aim was to produce the final Ontology within twelve months including a public review of at least two months; and a set of three deliverables was identified as the main outcome of the project:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/Main_Deliverables.png" alt="ePO Main Deliverables">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 2. ePO v1.0 main deliverables</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For the development of these objectives the OP team proposed a methodological approach based on the recommendations and good practices
<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup><sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/v1.00_Development_Approach.png" alt="ePO v1.00 - Development methodological approach" width="900">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 3. ePO v1.0 - development methodological approach (source <a href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/2017-08/d02.01_specification_of_the_process_and_methodology_v1.00.pdf">D02.01 Specification and Methodology</a>)</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Following the work of the Working Group (WG) and the Publications Office
version 1.0 of the eProcurement Ontology (ePO) was delivered in the planned period of 12 months.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="epo-v-20-0-objectives"><a class="anchor" href="#epo-v-20-0-objectives"></a><a class="link" href="#epo-v-20-0-objectives">ePO v.20.0. objectives</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The experience of the version 1.0 proved that the goal of developing a whole ontology on
eProcurement that is aligned to the EU legislation and practices was too ambitious to be
completed in 12 months.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two other relevant conclusions were drawn from that experience:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>The concepts of the ontology needed of commonly agreed terms and definitions that directed the design
and implementation;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The development of the ontology requires a "phased" approach based on the Use Cases defined version 1.0 on the one hand;
but also focused on at least one of the processes of the eProcurement value chain, on the other hand (see figure 4 above).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Hence the proposal of second version of the ePO ontology, named ePO 2.0.0.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The main objective of the ePO v2.0.0 is to <strong>take leverage of the results produced in version 1.00</strong> and to <strong>extend and hone the OWL Ontology</strong>. To reach these objectives the owners of the project have set the following strategic objectives:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Focus on one important policy area, e.g. "<strong>Transparency</strong>";</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Extend and perfect a small set of phases of the eProcurement, if possible only one, e.g. <strong>e-Notification</strong> and <strong>e-Access</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>While developing the selected phase, elicit and define information requirements and data elements that will be used in other phases, even if the selected phases - i.e. eNotification and eAccess-do not use them;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Select a rich source of information from where to extract data in order to populate and test the ontology, e.g. the TED portal for eNotification.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="scope"><a class="anchor" href="#scope"></a><a class="link" href="#scope">Scope</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Hence <strong>the scope of the ePO v2.0.0 was set to the eNotification and eAccess phases</strong> of the Public eProcurement value chain,
represented as blue coloured in the figure below:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/V2.0.0-Value_Chain_Focus.png" alt="ePO v2.0.0 scope" width="1000">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 4. ePO v2.0.0 scope of the ePO v2.0.0, eNotification and eAccess</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="tasks-in-scope"><a class="anchor" href="#tasks-in-scope"></a><a class="link" href="#tasks-in-scope">Tasks in-scope</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Knowledge Map (K-Map) <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup>
below provides an abstract representation of the objectives, tasks, inputs and outputs in the scope of the ePO v2.0.0 (see Annex III for a summary of
the MOTPLus vocabulary and syntax).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Each task (ellipses in blue) is used to organise the structure of the rest of this document into four main sections:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Information requirement elicitation</strong>: About the main inputs taken into consideration when identifying information requirement and artefacts used to this elicitation;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Conceptual Data Model</strong>: About the analysis of the information requirements - and business rules- and the drafting of a simple graphic representation of
the Ontology;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>OWL design and implementation</strong>: About the transformation of the Conceptual Data Model into a machine-readable OWL DL format that includes the vocabulary and
the axioms of the ePO;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>ePO testing</strong>: About the Proof-of-Concept developed to test and refine the Conceptual Data Model and the OWL DL implementation.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/v2.0.0-Scope.png" alt="ePO v2.0.0 - Scope">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 5. ePO Project v2.0.0 - objectives</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The activity diagram, below, provides a more simplified view of the recurrent (and cyclic) activities of requirements elicitation,
data element definition, analysis, design, implementation and testing:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/v2.0.0-Development_Activities.png" alt="v2.0.0 - development activities">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 6. ePO Project v2.0.0 - development activities</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="methodological-approach"><a class="anchor" href="#methodological-approach"></a><a class="link" href="#methodological-approach">Methodological approach</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To reach the strategic objectives stated above this version 2.0.0 of the ePO proposes to
evolve the previous v1.00 based on a few global principles:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><strong>Business and Information requirements cannot contradict the EU and the Member States
legislation</strong>;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The ePO Ontology is soundly based on the EU Directives on Public Procurement
<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup>,
the ePO glossary, the new eForms Regulation (under consultation), the General Data Protection Regulation
<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679">(GDPR)</a>,
and other EU legal frameworks related to public procurement;</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Information Requirements should be identified through the analysis of the business processes</strong>;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>This version 2.0.0 takes as inputs works like the <a href="http://cenbii.eu/">CEN/BII Workshops</a>,
the standard forms and notices published by the Publications Office, DG GROW’s
<a href="https://github.com/ESPD">ESPD</a>-related developments, the eSens developments on the VCD and the ESPD (see the
<a href="http://wiki.ds.unipi.gr/display/ESPDInt/ESPD+International+Knowledge+Base">ESPDint</a> project), as well as
international standards like UN/CEFACT and OASIS UBL.
Most of them used an UN/CEFACT Universal Method Modelling (UMM) approach that represent the "value-chain Use Cases"
to identify the information requirements exhaustively.
The "value chain Use Cases" eNotification and eAccess are described in these works and cast lists of information
requirements and business rules.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Use Cases around the policy area should be defined to (i) complement the identification of information requirements;
and (ii) test the completeness, correctness and performance of the Ontology</strong>;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Use Cases defined in the ePO v1.00 are essential instruments to complete and test the information requirements elicited
during the analysis of the business processes. In this version we propose to focus on the
"Use Case 1: <a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/wiki/Use-case-1.-Transparency-and-Monitoring">Data Journalism</a>"
and the Use "Case 4: <a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/wiki/Use—ase-4.-Analyzing-eProcurement-procedures">Analysing eProcurement Procedures</a>",
as these cases provide the largest part of the requirements necessary
to implement and test the eNotification and eAccess phases which is the object of ePO version 2.0.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Reuse of ontologies</strong>:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>There is no point in reinventing models that already exist and are reusable. That is the case, for example, when representing
entities such as natural persons, legal persons, addresses, etc. Hence, for generic ontologies, we proposed to reuse:
ISA2’s <a href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/solution/core-criterion-and-core-evidence-vocabulary">CCEV</a> (Core Criterion and Evidence Vocabulary),
W3C’s (<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-org/">Organization ontology</a>),
skos (<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-skos-reference-20080829/skos.html">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a>)
and vCard (<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/vcard-rdf/">Virtual Contact File</a>;
originally proposed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versit_Consortium">Versit Consortium</a>);
foaf (<a href="http://www.foaf-project.org/">Friend of a Friend</a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other lexical (non-ontological) resources and good practices have been taken as models to inspire the drafting of sub-vocabularies
to be imported and reused by the ePO. This has been the case of the CCTS
(<a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/blob/master/v2.0.0/05_Implementation/ttl/ccts.ttl">Core Component Type Specification</a>
Identifier, Amount, Quantity and Measure <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_5" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_5" title="View footnote.">5</a>]</sup>); and
<a href="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ubl/UBL-2.2.html">UBL-2.2</a> (OASIS <a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/blob/master/v2.0.0/05_Implementation/ttl/ubl.ttl">Universal Business Language</a>,
just the Period element, for the time being).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Finally, the inputs from other ontology developments have been, and still are, appreciated and welcome.
Thus the OCDS (<a href="https://www.open-contracting.org/events/ocds-ontologies-linked-data/">Open Contracting Partnership</a>)
and PPROC (<a href="http://contsem.unizar.es/def/sector-publico/pproc.html">Public Procurement Ontology</a>) vocabularies
have been taken into consideration.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>The Ontology must always be tested and perfected using a sufficiently large sample of real data</strong>;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The analysis and design of an Ontology cannot be declared as finished unless it is tested.
The Use Cases are only one of the essential elements to reach this goal.
However the testing cannot be trusted unless the data used are not (i) abundant, (ii) real data,
and (iii) with a certain degree of quality. In the case of the <strong>eNotification</strong> and <strong>eAccess</strong> phases
the use of the Tender Electronic Daily (TED) platform was proposed to retrieve, transform and load the
data contained in Contract Award notices. This type of notice contains the richest
data related to the procurement procedure and the contract awarded.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
The present development (this phase of the ePO v2.0.0, including eNotification and eAccess) includes a
Proof-of-Concept aimed at testing the design and performance of the Ontology. See Chapter <a href="#v-proof-of-concept">V. Proof of Concept</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Notice however that the A-Box was loaded only with data extracted from the Contract Notices published between January to
May 2018 (the reason for this being that for transparency and monitoring the OP’s TED form F03 (Contract Award Notices) contain the most
interesting data).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The ETL software, however, can be configured to extract and load data from other TED forms. See the section
<a href="#etl-configuration">ETL configuration</a> about the configuration of the file <code>epo.properties</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="epo-governance"><a class="anchor" href="#epo-governance"></a><a class="link" href="#epo-governance">ePO governance</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order to develop these global deliverables the following Governance Structure, the following roles and responsibilities were established in ePO v1.00 and are still valid for the governance of the ePO v2.0.0:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/Governance_Structure.png" alt="ePO Governance Structure" width="600">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 7. ePO Project - Governance Structure</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>With the following <strong>roles and responsibilites</strong>:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock" style="text-align: center">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/Roles_Responsibilities.png" alt="ePO - Roles and responsibilities" width="900">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 8. ePO Project - Roles and responsibilites</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For more details on the members of each governance body see the document
<a href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/document/report-policy-support-e-procurement">D04.07 Report on policy support for eProcurement, eProcurement ontology</a>;
e.g. "<em>Editors: are responsible for the operational work of defining and documenting the ePO</em>".</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ii-information-requirements"><a class="anchor" href="#ii-information-requirements"></a><a class="link" href="#ii-information-requirements">II. Information Requirements</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>According to the development plan, the first task was the identification of information requirements,
axioms and business rules. For this the version 2.0.0 of the ePO has taken into account the following inputs:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>The
"<a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/wiki/Use-case-1.-Transparency-and-Monitoring">Use Case 1: Data Journalism</a>"
and the <a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/wiki/Use—​ase-4.-Analyzing-eProcurement-procedures">Use Case 4: Analysing eProcurement Procedures</a>;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em>Standards, business needs and Legislation**</em> studied in the previous versions, plus the most recent developments;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <em><strong>EU eProcurement Glossary</strong></em>, maintained by the ePO Working group; see
<a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/blob/master/v2.0.0/02_IR_DED/eProcurement_glossary_and%20DED.xlsx">Glossary Management</a>
and <a href="https://github.com/eprocurementontology/eprocurementontology/wiki/Glossary-Management">Glossary</a>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This section covers the process applied for the elicitation of information requirements (see process "Information Requirement Elicitation" highlighted with
the largest semi-transparent blue box in the Knowledge Map below (rulin scope: "eNotification" and "eAccess; inputs: "ePO Glossary",
"Use Cases"; output: "DED 2.0.2". The upper blue box highlights the "ruling principles" that apply to the