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Merge pull request #14501 from ethereum/translation-fixes-from-crowdin
Translation fixes from Crowdin
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public/content/contributing/style-guide/content-standardization/index.md

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### Setting Up Your Wallet
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### Getting Enough Ether
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### Getting Enough ether
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```
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### Article authors {#authors}

public/content/defi/index.md

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3. The protocols – [smart contracts](/glossary/#smart-contract) that provide the functionality, for example, a service that allows for decentralized lending of assets.
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4. [The applications](/dapps/) – the products we use to manage and access the protocols.
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Note: much of DeFi uses the [ERC-20 standard](/glossary/#erc-20). Applications in DeFi use a wrapper for ETH called Wrapped Ether (WETH). [Learn more about wrapped ether](/wrapped-eth).
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Note: much of DeFi uses the [ERC-20 standard](/glossary/#erc-20). Applications in DeFi use a wrapper for ETH called Wrapped ether (WETH). [Learn more about wrapped ether](/wrapped-eth).
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## Build DeFi {#build-defi}
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public/content/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/index.md

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### eth_call {#eth_call}
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Executes a new message call immediately without creating a transaction on the block chain. Often used for executing read-only smart contract functions, for example the `balanceOf` for an ERC-20 contract.
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Executes a new message call immediately without creating a transaction on the blockchain. Often used for executing read-only smart contract functions, for example the `balanceOf` for an ERC-20 contract.
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**Parameters**
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public/content/developers/docs/evm/index.md

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The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. The ledger maintains a record of activity which must adhere to a set of rules that govern what someone can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
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While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: [smart contracts](/developers/docs/smart-contracts/). For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed [state machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine). Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a _machine state_, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
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While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: [smart contracts](/developers/docs/smart-contracts/). For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed [state machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine). Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a _machine state_, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
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![A diagram showing the make up of the EVM](./evm.png)
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_Diagram adapted from [Ethereum EVM illustrated](https://takenobu-hs.github.io/downloads/ethereum_evm_illustrated.pdf)_

public/content/developers/docs/intro-to-ether/index.md

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## Further reading {#further-reading}
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- [Defining Ether and Ethereum](https://www.cmegroup.com/education/courses/introduction-to-ether/defining-ether-and-ethereum.html)_CME Group_
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- [Defining ether and Ethereum](https://www.cmegroup.com/education/courses/introduction-to-ether/defining-ether-and-ethereum.html)_CME Group_
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- [Ethereum Whitepaper](/whitepaper/): The original proposal for Ethereum. This document includes a description of ether and the motivations behind its creation.
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- [Gwei Calculator](https://www.alchemy.com/gwei-calculator): Use this gwei calculator to easily convert wei, gwei, and ether. Simply plug in any amount of wei, gwei, or ETH and automatically calculate the conversion.
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public/content/developers/docs/scaling/plasma/index.md

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| Pros | Cons |
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| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Offers high throughput and low cost per transaction. | Does not support general computation (cannot run smart contracts. Only basic token transfers, swaps, and a few other transaction types are supported via predicate logic. |
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| Offers high throughput and low cost per transaction. | Does not support general computation (cannot run smart contracts). Only basic token transfers, swaps, and a few other transaction types are supported via predicate logic. |
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| Good for transactions between arbitrary users (no overhead per user pair if both are established on the plasma chain) | Need to periodically watch the network (liveness requirement) or delegate this responsibility to someone else to ensure the security of your funds. |
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| Plasma chains can be adapted to specific use-cases that are unrelated to the main chain. Anyone, including businesses, can customize Plasma smart contracts to provide scalable infrastructure that works in different contexts. | Relies on one or more operators to store data and serve it upon request. |
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| Reduces load on Ethereum Mainnet by moving computation and storage off-chain. | Withdrawals are delayed by several days to allow for challenges. For fungible assets, this can be mitigated by liquidity providers, but there is an associated capital cost. |

public/content/developers/docs/smart-contracts/security/index.md

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Setting up a bug bounty program is another approach for implementing external code reviews. A bug bounty is a financial reward given to individuals (usually whitehat hackers) that discover vulnerabilities in an application.
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When used properly, bug bounties give members of the hacker community incentive to inspect your code for critical flaws. A real-life example is the “infinite money bug” that would have let an attacker create an unlimited amount of Ether on [Optimism](https://www.optimism.io/), a [Layer 2](/layer-2/) protocol running on Ethereum. Fortunately, a whitehat hacker [discovered the flaw](https://www.saurik.com/optimism.html) and notified the team, [earning a large payout in the process](https://cryptoslate.com/critical-bug-in-ethereum-l2-optimism-2m-bounty-paid/).
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When used properly, bug bounties give members of the hacker community incentive to inspect your code for critical flaws. A real-life example is the “infinite money bug” that would have let an attacker create an unlimited amount of ether on [Optimism](https://www.optimism.io/), a [Layer 2](/layer-2/) protocol running on Ethereum. Fortunately, a whitehat hacker [discovered the flaw](https://www.saurik.com/optimism.html) and notified the team, [earning a large payout in the process](https://cryptoslate.com/critical-bug-in-ethereum-l2-optimism-2m-bounty-paid/).
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A useful strategy is to set the payout of a bug bounty program in proportion to the amount of funds at stake. Described as the “[scaling bug bounty](https://medium.com/immunefi/a-defi-security-standard-the-scaling-bug-bounty-9b83dfdc1ba7)”, this approach provides financial incentives for individuals to responsibly disclose vulnerabilities instead of exploiting them.
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Although mostly harmless, transferring control flow to untrusted contracts can cause problems, such as reentrancy. A reentrancy attack occurs when a malicious contract calls back into a vulnerable contract before the original function invocation is complete. This type of attack is best explained with an example.
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Consider a simple smart contract (‘Victim’) that allows anyone to deposit and withdraw Ether:
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Consider a simple smart contract (‘Victim’) that allows anyone to deposit and withdraw ether:
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```solidity
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// This contract is vulnerable. Do not use in production

public/content/developers/docs/smart-contracts/testing/index.md

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### Testing contracts on testnets {#testing-contracts-on-testnets}
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A test network or testnet works exactly like Ethereum Mainnet, except that it uses Ether (ETH) with no real-world value. Deploying your contract on a [testnet](/developers/docs/networks/#ethereum-testnets) means anyone can interact with it (e.g., via the dapp's frontend) without putting funds at risk.
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A test network or testnet works exactly like Ethereum Mainnet, except that it uses ether (ETH) with no real-world value. Deploying your contract on a [testnet](/developers/docs/networks/#ethereum-testnets) means anyone can interact with it (e.g., via the dapp's frontend) without putting funds at risk.
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This form of manual testing is useful for evaluating the end-to-end flow of your application from a user’s point of view. Here, beta testers can also perform trial runs and report any issues with the contract’s business logic and overall functionality.
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public/content/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-223/index.md

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### What if we want to execute some function after the token deposit is completed? {#function-execution}
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There are multiple ways of doing so. In this example we will follow the method which makes ERC-223 transfers identical to Ether transfers:
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There are multiple ways of doing so. In this example we will follow the method which makes ERC-223 transfers identical to ether transfers:
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When the `RecipientContract` will receive a ERC-223 token the contract will execute a function encoded as `_data` parameter of the token transaction, identical to how Ether transactions encode function calls as transaction `data`. Read [the data field](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#the-data-field) for more information.
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When the `RecipientContract` will receive a ERC-223 token the contract will execute a function encoded as `_data` parameter of the token transaction, identical to how ether transactions encode function calls as transaction `data`. Read [the data field](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#the-data-field) for more information.
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In the above example an ERC-223 token must be transferred to the address of the `RecipientContract` with the `transfer(address,uin256,bytes calldata _data)` function. If the data parameter will be `0xc2985578` (the signature of a `foo()` function) then the function foo() will be invoked after the token deposit is received and the event Foo() will be fired.
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public/content/translations/fr/web3/index.md

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<InfoBanner shouldSpaceBetween emoji=":eyes:">
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<div>En savoir plus sur les NFT</div>
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<ButtonLink href="/nft/">
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Plus d'infos sur les NTF
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Plus d'infos sur les NFT
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</InfoBanner>
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