Merge pull request #13161 from aslikaya/12096-SybilAttackGlossary

Add sybil attack glossary item [Fixes #12096]

Author: wackerow

public/content/decentralized-identity/index.md

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Decentralized identity can help create online communities that are free of fake
 
 ### 4. Anti-Sybil protection {#sybil-protection}
 
-Sybil attacks refer to individual humans tricking a system into thinking they are multiple people to increase their influence. Grant-giving applications that use [quadratic voting](/glossary/#quadratic-voting) are vulnerable to these Sybil attacks because the value of a grant is increased when more individuals vote for it, incentivizing users to split their contributions across many identities. Decentralized identities help to prevent this by raising the burden on each participant to prove that they are really human, although often without having to reveal specific private information.
+Grant-giving applications that use [quadratic voting](/glossary/#quadratic-voting) are vulnerable to [Sybil attacks](/glossary/#sybil-attack) because the value of a grant is increased when more individuals vote for it, incentivizing users to split their contributions across many identities. Decentralized identities help to prevent this by raising the burden on each participant to prove that they are really human, although often without having to reveal specific private information.
 
 ## What are attestations? {#what-are-attestations}
 

public/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/index.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: An explanation of consensus protocols in distributed systems and th
 lang: en
 ---
 
-The term 'consensus mechanism' is often used colloquially to refer to 'proof-of-stake', 'proof-of-work' or 'proof-of-authority' protocols. However, these are just components in consensus mechanisms that protect against Sybil attacks. Consensus mechanisms are the complete stack of ideas, protocols and incentives that enable a distributed set of nodes to agree on the state of a blockchain.
+The term 'consensus mechanism' is often used colloquially to refer to 'proof-of-stake', 'proof-of-work' or 'proof-of-authority' protocols. However, these are just components in consensus mechanisms that protect against [Sybil attacks](/glossary/#sybil-attack). Consensus mechanisms are the complete stack of ideas, protocols and incentives that enable a distributed set of nodes to agree on the state of a blockchain.
 
 ## Prerequisites {#prerequisites}
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Watch more on the different types of consensus mechanisms used on Ethereum:
 
 Proof-of-work and proof-of-stake alone are not consensus protocols, but they are often referred to as such for simplicity. They are actually Sybil resistance mechanisms and block author selectors; they are a way to decide who is the author of the latest block. Another important component is the chain selection (aka fork choice) algorithm that enables nodes to pick one single correct block at the head of the chain in scenarios where multiple blocks exist in the same position.
 
-**Sybil resistance** measures how a protocol fares against a [Sybil attack](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack). Sybil attacks are when one user or group pretends to be many users. Resistance to this type of attack is essential for a decentralized blockchain and enables miners and validators to be rewarded equally based on resources put in. Proof-of-work and proof-of-stake protect against this by making users expend a lot of energy or put up a lot of collateral. These protections are an economic deterrent to Sybil attacks.
+**Sybil resistance** measures how a protocol fares against a Sybil attack. Resistance to this type of attack is essential for a decentralized blockchain and enables miners and validators to be rewarded equally based on resources put in. Proof-of-work and proof-of-stake protect against this by making users expend a lot of energy or put up a lot of collateral. These protections are an economic deterrent to Sybil attacks.
 
 A **chain selection rule** is used to decide which chain is the "correct" chain. Bitcoin uses the "longest chain" rule, which means that whichever blockchain is the longest will be the one the rest of the nodes accept as valid and work with. For proof-of-work chains, the longest chain is determined by the chain's total cumulative proof-of-work difficulty. Ethereum used to use the longest chain rule too; however, now that Ethereum runs on proof-of-stake it adopted an updated fork-choice algorithm that measures the 'weight' of the chain. The weight is the accumulated sum of validator votes, weighted by validator staked-ether balances.
 

public/content/developers/docs/oracles/index.md

@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Some decentralized oracle networks require participants to vote or stake on the
 
 Nodes whose answers deviate from the majority answer are penalized by having their tokens distributed to others who provide more correct values. Forcing nodes to provide a bond before providing data incentivizes honest responses since they are assumed to be rational economic actors intent on maximizing returns.
 
-Staking/voting also protects decentralized oracles from “Sybil attacks” where malicious actors create multiple identities to game the consensus system. However, staking cannot prevent “freeloading” (oracle nodes copying information from others) and “lazy validation” (oracle nodes following the majority without verifying the information themselves).
+Staking/voting also protects decentralized oracles from [Sybil attacks](/glossary/#sybil-attack) where malicious actors create multiple identities to game the consensus system. However, staking cannot prevent “freeloading” (oracle nodes copying information from others) and “lazy validation” (oracle nodes following the majority without verifying the information themselves).
 
 ##### Schelling point mechanisms
 

public/content/glossary/index.md

@@ -420,6 +420,8 @@ lang: en
 
 <GlossaryDefinition term="supermajority" />
 
+<GlossaryDefinition term="sybil-attack" />
+
 <GlossaryDefinition term="syncing" />
 
 <GlossaryDefinition term="sync-committee" />

src/intl/en/glossary-tooltip.json

@@ -139,6 +139,8 @@
   "staking-definition": "Depositing a quantity of <a href=\"/glossary/#ether\">ether</a> (your stake) to become a validator and secure the <a href=\"/glossary/#network\">network</a>. A validator checks <a href=\"/glossary/#transaction\">transactions</a> and proposes <a href=\"/glossary/#block\">blocks</a> under a <a href=\"/glossary/#pos\">proof-of-stake</a> consensus model. Staking gives you an economic incentive to act in the best interests of the network. You'll get rewards for carrying out your <a href=\"/glossary/#validator\">validator</a> duties, but lose varying amounts of ETH if you don't. <a href=\"/staking/\">More on Ethereum staking</a>.",
   "staking-pool-term": "Staking pool",
   "staking-pool-definition": "The combined ETH of more than one Ethereum staker, used to reach the 32 ETH required to activate a set of validator keys. A node operator uses these keys to participate in consensus and the <a href=\"/glossary/#block-reward\">block rewards</a> are split amongst contributing stakers. Staking pools or delegating staking are not native to the Ethereum protocol, but many solutions have been built by the community. <a href=\"/staking/pools/\">More on pooled staking</a>.",
+  "sybil-attack-term": "Sybil attack",
+  "sybil-attack-definition": "Sybil attacks refer to individual humans tricking a system into thinking they are multiple people to increase their influence.",
   "terminal-total-difficulty-term": "Terminal total difficulty (TTD)",
   "terminal-total-difficulty-definition": "The total difficulty is the sum of the Ethash mining difficulty for all blocks up to some specific point in the blockchain. The terminal total difficulty is a specific value for the total difficulty that was used as the trigger for execution clients to switch off their mining and block gossip functions enabling the network to transition to proof-of-stake. It is no longer relevant because Ethereum moved to <a href=\"/glossary/#pos\">proof-of-stake</a>.",
   "transaction-fee-term": "Transaction fee",

src/intl/en/glossary.json

@@ -349,6 +349,8 @@
   "state-channels-definition": "A <a href=\"/glossary/#layer-2\">layer 2</a> solution where a channel is set up between participants, where they can transact freely and cheaply. Only a <a href=\"/glossary/#transaction\">transaction</a> to set up the channel and close the channel is sent to <a href=\"/glossary/#mainnet\">Mainnet</a>. This allows for very high transaction throughput, but does rely on knowing number of participants up front and locking up of funds. <a href=\"/developers/docs/scaling/state-channels/#state-channels\">More on state channels</a>.",
   "supermajority-term": "Supermajority",
   "supermajority-definition": "Supermajority is the term given for an amount exceeding 2/3 (66%) of the total staked ether securing Ethereum. A supermajority vote is required for blocks to be <a href=\"/glossary/#finality\">finalized</a> on the Beacon Chain.",
+  "sybil-attack-term": "Sybil attack",
+  "sybil-attack-definition": "Sybil attacks refer to individual humans tricking a system into thinking they are multiple people to increase their influence.",
   "syncing-term": "Syncing",
   "syncing-definition": "The process of downloading the entire latest version of a blockchain to a node.",
   "sync-committee-term": "Sync committee",