diff --git a/cmd/bee/cmd/cmd.go b/cmd/bee/cmd/cmd.go
index e10e015ce81..5b2c156c630 100644
--- a/cmd/bee/cmd/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/bee/cmd/cmd.go
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ const (
 	optionMinimumStorageRadius             = "minimum-storage-radius"
 	optionReserveCapacityDoubling          = "reserve-capacity-doubling"
 	optionSkipPostageSnapshot              = "skip-postage-snapshot"
+	optionNameMinimumGasTipCap             = "minimum-gas-tip-cap"
 )
 
 // nolint:gochecknoinits
@@ -290,6 +291,7 @@ func (c *command) setAllFlags(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	cmd.Flags().Uint(optionMinimumStorageRadius, 0, "minimum radius storage threshold")
 	cmd.Flags().Int(optionReserveCapacityDoubling, 0, "reserve capacity doubling")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool(optionSkipPostageSnapshot, false, "skip postage snapshot")
+	cmd.Flags().Uint64(optionNameMinimumGasTipCap, 0, "minimum gas tip cap in wei for transactions, 0 means use suggested gas tip cap")
 }
 
 func newLogger(cmd *cobra.Command, verbosity string) (log.Logger, error) {
diff --git a/cmd/bee/cmd/deploy.go b/cmd/bee/cmd/deploy.go
index 89880273dab..c0e20cb63e7 100644
--- a/cmd/bee/cmd/deploy.go
+++ b/cmd/bee/cmd/deploy.go
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ func (c *command) initDeployCmd() error {
 				signer,
 				blocktime,
 				true,
+				c.config.GetUint64(optionNameMinimumGasTipCap),
 			)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
diff --git a/cmd/bee/cmd/start.go b/cmd/bee/cmd/start.go
index dab68c447fb..c6662bcba57 100644
--- a/cmd/bee/cmd/start.go
+++ b/cmd/bee/cmd/start.go
@@ -299,6 +299,7 @@ func buildBeeNode(ctx context.Context, c *command, cmd *cobra.Command, logger lo
 		EnableWS:                      c.config.GetBool(optionNameP2PWSEnable),
 		FullNodeMode:                  fullNode,
 		Logger:                        logger,
+		MinimumGasTipCap:              c.config.GetUint64(optionNameMinimumGasTipCap),
 		MinimumStorageRadius:          c.config.GetUint(optionMinimumStorageRadius),
 		MutexProfile:                  c.config.GetBool(optionNamePProfMutex),
 		NATAddr:                       c.config.GetString(optionNameNATAddr),
diff --git a/packaging/bee.yaml b/packaging/bee.yaml
index 8176dfb47df..42ee156d0de 100644
--- a/packaging/bee.yaml
+++ b/packaging/bee.yaml
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ data-dir: "/var/lib/bee"
 # help: false
 ## triggers connect to main net bootnodes.
 # mainnet: true
+## minimum gas tip cap in wei for transactions, 0 means use suggested gas tip cap
+# minimum-gas-tip-cap: 0
 ## minimum radius storage threshold
 # minimum-storage-radius: "0"
 ## NAT exposed address
diff --git a/packaging/homebrew-amd64/bee.yaml b/packaging/homebrew-amd64/bee.yaml
index c771e5d72c2..14a32f70116 100644
--- a/packaging/homebrew-amd64/bee.yaml
+++ b/packaging/homebrew-amd64/bee.yaml
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ data-dir: "/usr/local/var/lib/swarm-bee"
 # help: false
 ## triggers connect to main net bootnodes.
 # mainnet: true
+## minimum gas tip cap in wei for transactions, 0 means use suggested gas tip cap
+# minimum-gas-tip-cap: 0
 ## minimum radius storage threshold
 # minimum-storage-radius: "0"
 ## NAT exposed address
diff --git a/packaging/homebrew-arm64/bee.yaml b/packaging/homebrew-arm64/bee.yaml
index 057d6c54d32..55d522b601c 100644
--- a/packaging/homebrew-arm64/bee.yaml
+++ b/packaging/homebrew-arm64/bee.yaml
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ data-dir: "/opt/homebrew/var/lib/swarm-bee"
 # help: false
 ## triggers connect to main net bootnodes.
 # mainnet: true
+## minimum gas tip cap in wei for transactions, 0 means use suggested gas tip cap
+# minimum-gas-tip-cap: 0
 ## minimum radius storage threshold
 # minimum-storage-radius: "0"
 ## NAT exposed address
diff --git a/packaging/scoop/bee.yaml b/packaging/scoop/bee.yaml
index d2f97fedd33..70bed38f947 100644
--- a/packaging/scoop/bee.yaml
+++ b/packaging/scoop/bee.yaml
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ data-dir: "./data"
 # help: false
 ## triggers connect to main net bootnodes.
 # mainnet: true
+## minimum gas tip cap in wei for transactions, 0 means use suggested gas tip cap
+# minimum-gas-tip-cap: 0
 ## minimum radius storage threshold
 # minimum-storage-radius: "0"
 ## NAT exposed address
diff --git a/pkg/api/redistribution_test.go b/pkg/api/redistribution_test.go
index 07b4bc28cfe..eef01977866 100644
--- a/pkg/api/redistribution_test.go
+++ b/pkg/api/redistribution_test.go
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ func TestRedistributionStatus(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithBalanceAt(func(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, block *big.Int) (*big.Int, error) {
 					return big.NewInt(100000000), nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasPriceFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return big.NewInt(1), nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2), nil
 				}),
 			},
 		})
diff --git a/pkg/node/chain.go b/pkg/node/chain.go
index 5931c8dde8e..c1f00dd61bc 100644
--- a/pkg/node/chain.go
+++ b/pkg/node/chain.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/storage"
 	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction"
 	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction/wrapped"
-	"github.com/ethersphere/go-sw3-abi/sw3abi"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 )
 
@@ -53,6 +52,7 @@ func InitChain(
 	signer crypto.Signer,
 	pollingInterval time.Duration,
 	chainEnabled bool,
+	minimumGasTipCap uint64,
 ) (transaction.Backend, common.Address, int64, transaction.Monitor, transaction.Service, error) {
 	var backend transaction.Backend = &noOpChainBackend{
 		chainID: oChainID,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func InitChain(
 
 		logger.Info("connected to blockchain backend", "version", versionString)
 
-		backend = wrapped.NewBackend(ethclient.NewClient(rpcClient))
+		backend = wrapped.NewBackend(ethclient.NewClient(rpcClient), minimumGasTipCap)
 	}
 
 	chainID, err := backend.ChainID(ctx)
@@ -346,19 +346,10 @@ type noOpChainBackend struct {
 	chainID int64
 }
 
-// BlockByNumber implements transaction.Backend.
-func (m *noOpChainBackend) BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error) {
-	return nil, postagecontract.ErrChainDisabled
-}
-
 func (m noOpChainBackend) Metrics() []prometheus.Collector {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m noOpChainBackend) CodeAt(context.Context, common.Address, *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
-	return common.FromHex(sw3abi.SimpleSwapFactoryDeployedBinv0_6_9), nil
-}
-
 func (m noOpChainBackend) CallContract(context.Context, ethereum.CallMsg, *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("disabled chain backend")
 }
@@ -373,12 +364,12 @@ func (m noOpChainBackend) PendingNonceAt(context.Context, common.Address) (uint6
 	panic("chain no op: PendingNonceAt")
 }
 
-func (m noOpChainBackend) SuggestGasPrice(context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	panic("chain no op: SuggestGasPrice")
+func (m noOpChainBackend) SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+	panic("chain no op: SuggestedFeeAndTip")
 }
 
 func (m noOpChainBackend) SuggestGasTipCap(context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	panic("chain no op: SuggestGasPrice")
+	panic("chain no op: SuggestGasTipCap")
 }
 
 func (m noOpChainBackend) EstimateGas(context.Context, ethereum.CallMsg) (uint64, error) {
@@ -419,6 +410,4 @@ func (m noOpChainBackend) ChainID(context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
 	return big.NewInt(m.chainID), nil
 }
 
-func (m noOpChainBackend) Close() error {
-	return nil
-}
+func (m noOpChainBackend) Close() {}
diff --git a/pkg/node/node.go b/pkg/node/node.go
index 7d14ceb1b15..a503165b7d8 100644
--- a/pkg/node/node.go
+++ b/pkg/node/node.go
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ type Bee struct {
 	pullSyncCloser           io.Closer
 	pssCloser                io.Closer
 	gsocCloser               io.Closer
-	ethClientCloser          io.Closer
 	transactionMonitorCloser io.Closer
 	transactionCloser        io.Closer
 	listenerCloser           io.Closer
@@ -121,6 +120,7 @@ type Bee struct {
 	shutdownMutex            sync.Mutex
 	syncingStopped           *syncutil.Signaler
 	accesscontrolCloser      io.Closer
+	ethClientCloser          func()
 }
 
 type Options struct {
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ type Options struct {
 	EnableWS                      bool
 	FullNodeMode                  bool
 	Logger                        log.Logger
+	MinimumGasTipCap              uint64
 	MinimumStorageRadius          uint
 	MutexProfile                  bool
 	NATAddr                       string
@@ -390,11 +391,13 @@ func NewBee(
 		o.ChainID,
 		signer,
 		o.BlockTime,
-		chainEnabled)
+		chainEnabled,
+		o.MinimumGasTipCap,
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("init chain: %w", err)
 	}
-	b.ethClientCloser = chainBackend
+	b.ethClientCloser = chainBackend.Close
 
 	logger.Info("using chain with network network", "chain_id", chainID, "network_id", networkID)
 
@@ -1384,7 +1387,10 @@ func (b *Bee) Shutdown() error {
 
 	wg.Wait()
 
-	tryClose(b.ethClientCloser, "eth client")
+	if b.ethClientCloser != nil {
+		b.ethClientCloser()
+	}
+
 	tryClose(b.accesscontrolCloser, "accesscontrol")
 	tryClose(b.tracerCloser, "tracer")
 	tryClose(b.topologyCloser, "topology driver")
diff --git a/pkg/settlement/swap/chequebook/init.go b/pkg/settlement/swap/chequebook/init.go
index a89553e0f1c..8903a17c8bf 100644
--- a/pkg/settlement/swap/chequebook/init.go
+++ b/pkg/settlement/swap/chequebook/init.go
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@ func checkBalance(
 		minimumEth := big.NewInt(0)
 
 		if gasPrice == nil {
-			gasPrice, err = swapBackend.SuggestGasPrice(timeoutCtx)
+			gasPrice, _, err = swapBackend.SuggestedFeeAndTip(timeoutCtx, gasPrice, 0)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 
-			minimumEth = gasPrice.Mul(gasPrice, big.NewInt(250000))
+			minimumEth = new(big.Int).Mul(gasPrice, big.NewInt(250000))
 		}
 
 		insufficientERC20 := erc20Balance.Cmp(swapInitialDeposit) < 0
diff --git a/pkg/storageincentives/agent.go b/pkg/storageincentives/agent.go
index a87540d390d..04c906c132a 100644
--- a/pkg/storageincentives/agent.go
+++ b/pkg/storageincentives/agent.go
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ type ChainBackend interface {
 	BlockNumber(context.Context) (uint64, error)
 	HeaderByNumber(context.Context, *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
 	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, block *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
-	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
+	SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error)
 }
 
 type Health interface {
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ func (a *Agent) HasEnoughFundsToPlay(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, bool, error
 		return nil, false, err
 	}
 
-	price, err := a.backend.SuggestGasPrice(ctx)
+	price, _, err := a.backend.SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, nil, redistribution.BoostTipPercent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, false, err
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/storageincentives/agent_test.go b/pkg/storageincentives/agent_test.go
index 8af6b1d463e..88db0e3b3d4 100644
--- a/pkg/storageincentives/agent_test.go
+++ b/pkg/storageincentives/agent_test.go
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ func (m *mockchainBackend) BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, address common.Address
 	return m.balance, nil
 }
 
-func (m *mockchainBackend) SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	return big.NewInt(4), nil
+func (m *mockchainBackend) SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+	return big.NewInt(4), big.NewInt(5), nil
 }
 
 type contractCall int
diff --git a/pkg/storageincentives/redistribution/redistribution.go b/pkg/storageincentives/redistribution/redistribution.go
index 4657c81cbff..52b2245db75 100644
--- a/pkg/storageincentives/redistribution/redistribution.go
+++ b/pkg/storageincentives/redistribution/redistribution.go
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction"
 )
 
-const loggerName = "redistributionContract"
+const (
+	loggerName      = "redistributionContract"
+	BoostTipPercent = 50
+)
 
 type Contract interface {
 	ReserveSalt(context.Context) ([]byte, error)
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ func (c *contract) Claim(ctx context.Context, proofs ChunkInclusionProofs) (comm
 		Value:                big.NewInt(0),
 		Description:          "claim win transaction",
 	}
-	txHash, err := c.sendAndWait(ctx, request, transaction.RedistributionTipBoostPercent)
+	txHash, err := c.sendAndWait(ctx, request, BoostTipPercent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return txHash, fmt.Errorf("claim: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ func (c *contract) Commit(ctx context.Context, obfusHash []byte, round uint64) (
 		Value:                big.NewInt(0),
 		Description:          "commit transaction",
 	}
-	txHash, err := c.sendAndWait(ctx, request, transaction.RedistributionTipBoostPercent)
+	txHash, err := c.sendAndWait(ctx, request, BoostTipPercent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return txHash, fmt.Errorf("commit: obfusHash %v: %w", common.BytesToHash(obfusHash), err)
 	}
@@ -163,7 +166,7 @@ func (c *contract) Reveal(ctx context.Context, storageDepth uint8, reserveCommit
 		Value:                big.NewInt(0),
 		Description:          "reveal transaction",
 	}
-	txHash, err := c.sendAndWait(ctx, request, transaction.RedistributionTipBoostPercent)
+	txHash, err := c.sendAndWait(ctx, request, BoostTipPercent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return txHash, fmt.Errorf("reveal: storageDepth %d reserveCommitmentHash %v RandomNonce %v: %w", storageDepth, common.BytesToHash(reserveCommitmentHash), common.BytesToHash(RandomNonce), err)
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/backend.go b/pkg/transaction/backend.go
index 0bf38c35975..075dbfe19b8 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/backend.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/backend.go
@@ -14,27 +14,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/log"
+	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction/backend"
 )
 
 // Backend is the minimum of blockchain backend functions we need.
 type Backend interface {
-	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
-	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
-	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
-	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
-	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
-	SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
-	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg) (gas uint64, err error)
-	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
-	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
-	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
-	BlockNumber(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error)
-	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
-	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, block *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
-	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
-	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query ethereum.FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
-	ChainID(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
-	Close() error
+	backend.Geth
+	SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error)
 }
 
 // IsSynced will check if we are synced with the given blockchain backend. This
@@ -42,11 +28,7 @@ type Backend interface {
 // with the given maxDelay as the maximum duration we can be behind the block
 // time.
 func IsSynced(ctx context.Context, backend Backend, maxDelay time.Duration) (bool, time.Time, error) {
-	number, err := backend.BlockNumber(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, time.Time{}, err
-	}
-	header, err := backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, big.NewInt(int64(number)))
+	header, err := backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
 	if errors.Is(err, ethereum.NotFound) {
 		return false, time.Time{}, nil
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/backend/backend.go b/pkg/transaction/backend/backend.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..67323d14e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/transaction/backend/backend.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Swarm Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package backend
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+// Geth is the interface that an ethclient.Client satisfies.
+type Geth interface {
+	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
+	BlockNumber(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error)
+	CallContract(ctx context.Context, msg ethereum.CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	ChainID(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
+	Close()
+	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, msg ethereum.CallMsg) (uint64, error)
+	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q ethereum.FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
+	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
+	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
+	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
+	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
+	SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
+	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
+	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/backend_test.go b/pkg/transaction/backend_test.go
index d9d09e55b3c..313db5d9b9f 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/backend_test.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/backend_test.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ func TestIsSynced(t *testing.T) {
 	maxDelay := 10 * time.Second
 	now := time.Now().UTC()
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	blockNumber := uint64(100)
 
 	t.Run("synced", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -30,12 +29,9 @@ func TestIsSynced(t *testing.T) {
 		synced, _, err := transaction.IsSynced(
 			ctx,
 			backendmock.New(
-				backendmock.WithBlockNumberFunc(func(c context.Context) (uint64, error) {
-					return blockNumber, nil
-				}),
 				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					if number.Uint64() != blockNumber {
-						return nil, errors.New("called with wrong block number")
+					if number != nil {
+						return nil, errors.New("latest block should be called with nil")
 					}
 					return &types.Header{
 						Time: uint64(now.Unix()),
@@ -58,12 +54,9 @@ func TestIsSynced(t *testing.T) {
 		synced, _, err := transaction.IsSynced(
 			ctx,
 			backendmock.New(
-				backendmock.WithBlockNumberFunc(func(c context.Context) (uint64, error) {
-					return blockNumber, nil
-				}),
 				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					if number.Uint64() != blockNumber {
-						return nil, errors.New("called with wrong block number")
+					if number != nil {
+						return nil, errors.New("latest block should be called with nil")
 					}
 					return &types.Header{
 						Time: uint64(now.Add(-maxDelay).Unix()),
@@ -87,12 +80,9 @@ func TestIsSynced(t *testing.T) {
 		_, _, err := transaction.IsSynced(
 			ctx,
 			backendmock.New(
-				backendmock.WithBlockNumberFunc(func(c context.Context) (uint64, error) {
-					return blockNumber, nil
-				}),
 				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					if number.Uint64() != blockNumber {
-						return nil, errors.New("called with wrong block number")
+					if number != nil {
+						return nil, errors.New("latest block should be called with nil")
 					}
 					return nil, expectedErr
 				}),
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/backendmock/backend.go b/pkg/transaction/backendmock/backend.go
index fea46f3936b..25166a898e0 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/backendmock/backend.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/backendmock/backend.go
@@ -16,29 +16,20 @@ import (
 )
 
 type backendMock struct {
-	codeAt             func(ctx context.Context, contract common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
 	callContract       func(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
 	sendTransaction    func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
-	suggestGasPrice    func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
+	suggestedFeeAndTip func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error)
 	suggestGasTipCap   func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
 	estimateGas        func(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg) (gas uint64, err error)
 	transactionReceipt func(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
 	pendingNonceAt     func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
 	transactionByHash  func(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
 	blockNumber        func(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error)
-	blockByNumber      func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
 	headerByNumber     func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
 	balanceAt          func(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, block *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
 	nonceAt            func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
 }
 
-func (m *backendMock) CodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
-	if m.codeAt != nil {
-		return m.codeAt(ctx, contract, blockNumber)
-	}
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (m *backendMock) CallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
 	if m.callContract != nil {
 		return m.callContract(ctx, call, blockNumber)
@@ -46,10 +37,6 @@ func (m *backendMock) CallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, b
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (*backendMock) PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (m *backendMock) PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 	if m.pendingNonceAt != nil {
 		return m.pendingNonceAt(ctx, account)
@@ -57,11 +44,11 @@ func (m *backendMock) PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (m *backendMock) SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	if m.suggestGasPrice != nil {
-		return m.suggestGasPrice(ctx)
+func (m *backendMock) SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+	if m.suggestedFeeAndTip != nil {
+		return m.suggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, gasPrice, boostPercent)
 	}
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
 func (m *backendMock) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg) (gas uint64, err error) {
@@ -82,10 +69,6 @@ func (*backendMock) FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query ethereum.FilterQuery)
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (*backendMock) SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query ethereum.FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (ethereum.Subscription, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (m *backendMock) TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error) {
 	if m.transactionReceipt != nil {
 		return m.transactionReceipt(ctx, txHash)
@@ -107,13 +90,6 @@ func (m *backendMock) BlockNumber(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (m *backendMock) BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error) {
-	if m.blockByNumber != nil {
-		return m.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
-	}
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (m *backendMock) HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
 	if m.headerByNumber != nil {
 		return m.headerByNumber(ctx, number)
@@ -146,9 +122,7 @@ func (m *backendMock) ChainID(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (m *backendMock) Close() error {
-	return nil
-}
+func (m *backendMock) Close() {}
 
 func New(opts ...Option) transaction.Backend {
 	mock := new(backendMock)
@@ -173,12 +147,6 @@ func WithCallContractFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, blo
 	})
 }
 
-func WithCodeAtFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, contract common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)) Option {
-	return optionFunc(func(s *backendMock) {
-		s.codeAt = f
-	})
-}
-
 func WithBalanceAt(f func(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, block *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)) Option {
 	return optionFunc(func(s *backendMock) {
 		s.balanceAt = f
@@ -191,9 +159,9 @@ func WithPendingNonceAtFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address)
 	})
 }
 
-func WithSuggestGasPriceFunc(f func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)) Option {
+func WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error)) Option {
 	return optionFunc(func(s *backendMock) {
-		s.suggestGasPrice = f
+		s.suggestedFeeAndTip = f
 	})
 }
 
@@ -221,12 +189,6 @@ func WithTransactionByHashFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (
 	})
 }
 
-func WithBlockByNumberFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)) Option {
-	return optionFunc(func(s *backendMock) {
-		s.blockByNumber = f
-	})
-}
-
 func WithSendTransactionFunc(f func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error) Option {
 	return optionFunc(func(s *backendMock) {
 		s.sendTransaction = f
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/backendsimulation/backend.go b/pkg/transaction/backendsimulation/backend.go
index 58c183fa0bd..47480fd3994 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/backendsimulation/backend.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/backendsimulation/backend.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package backendsimulation
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"maps"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
@@ -74,40 +75,24 @@ func (m *simulatedBackend) advanceBlock() {
 	m.blockNumber = block.Number
 
 	if block.Receipts != nil {
-		for hash, receipt := range block.Receipts {
-			m.receipts[hash] = receipt
-		}
+		maps.Copy(m.receipts, block.Receipts)
 	}
 
 	if block.NoncesAt != nil {
-		for addr, nonce := range block.NoncesAt {
-			m.noncesAt[addr] = nonce
-		}
+		maps.Copy(m.noncesAt, block.NoncesAt)
 	}
 }
 
-func (m *simulatedBackend) BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
-func (m *simulatedBackend) CodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (*simulatedBackend) CallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (*simulatedBackend) PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (m *simulatedBackend) PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (m *simulatedBackend) SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+func (m *simulatedBackend) SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
 func (m *simulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg) (gas uint64, err error) {
@@ -122,10 +107,6 @@ func (*simulatedBackend) FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query ethereum.FilterQu
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (*simulatedBackend) SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query ethereum.FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (ethereum.Subscription, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
 func (m *simulatedBackend) TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error) {
 	receipt, ok := m.receipts[txHash]
 	if ok {
@@ -169,6 +150,4 @@ func (m *simulatedBackend) ChainID(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (m *simulatedBackend) Close() error {
-	return nil
-}
+func (m *simulatedBackend) Close() {}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/transaction.go b/pkg/transaction/transaction.go
index 2d911e27261..da71a2150e3 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/transaction.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/transaction.go
@@ -41,14 +41,11 @@ var (
 	ErrTransactionReverted = errors.New("transaction reverted")
 	ErrUnknownTransaction  = errors.New("unknown transaction")
 	ErrAlreadyImported     = errors.New("already imported")
-	ErrEIP1559NotSupported = errors.New("network does not appear to support EIP-1559 (no baseFee)")
 )
 
 const (
-	DefaultGasLimit               = 1_000_000
-	DefaultTipBoostPercent        = 25
-	MinimumGasTipCap              = 1_500_000_000 // 1.5 Gwei
-	RedistributionTipBoostPercent = 50
+	DefaultGasLimit        = 1_000_000
+	DefaultTipBoostPercent = 25
 )
 
 // TxRequest describes a request for a transaction that can be executed.
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ func (t *transactionService) prepareTransaction(ctx context.Context, request *Tx
 		notice that gas price does not exceed 20 as defined by max fee.
 	*/
 
-	gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := t.suggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, request.GasPrice, boostPercent)
+	gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := t.backend.SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, request.GasPrice, boostPercent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -326,51 +323,6 @@ func (t *transactionService) prepareTransaction(ctx context.Context, request *Tx
 	}), nil
 }
 
-func (t *transactionService) suggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
-	gasTipCap, err := t.backend.SuggestGasTipCap(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	multiplier := big.NewInt(int64(boostPercent) + 100)
-	gasTipCap = new(big.Int).Div(new(big.Int).Mul(gasTipCap, multiplier), big.NewInt(100))
-
-	minimumTip := big.NewInt(MinimumGasTipCap)
-	if gasTipCap.Cmp(minimumTip) < 0 {
-		gasTipCap = new(big.Int).Set(minimumTip)
-	}
-
-	var gasFeeCap *big.Int
-
-	if gasPrice == nil {
-		latestBlockHeader, err := t.backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get latest block: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		if latestBlockHeader.BaseFee == nil {
-			return nil, nil, ErrEIP1559NotSupported
-		}
-
-		// gasFeeCap = (2 * baseFee) + gasTipCap
-		gasFeeCap = new(big.Int).Add(
-			new(big.Int).Mul(latestBlockHeader.BaseFee, big.NewInt(2)),
-			gasTipCap,
-		)
-	} else {
-		gasFeeCap = new(big.Int).Set(gasPrice)
-	}
-
-	if gasTipCap.Cmp(gasFeeCap) > 0 {
-		t.logger.Warning("gas tip cap is higher than gas fee cap, using gas fee cap as gas tip cap", "gas_tip_cap", gasTipCap, "gas_fee_cap", gasFeeCap)
-		gasTipCap = new(big.Int).Set(gasFeeCap)
-	}
-
-	t.logger.Debug("prepare transaction", "gas_max_fee", gasFeeCap, "gas_max_tip", gasTipCap)
-
-	return gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, nil
-}
-
 func storedTransactionKey(txHash common.Hash) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%x", storedTransactionPrefix, txHash)
 }
@@ -394,7 +346,7 @@ func (t *transactionService) nextNonce(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
 
 	// PendingNonceAt returns the nonce we should use, but we will
 	// compare this to our pending tx list, therefore the -1.
-	var maxNonce = onchainNonce - 1
+	maxNonce := onchainNonce - 1
 	for _, txHash := range pendingTxs {
 		trx, _, err := t.backend.TransactionByHash(ctx, txHash)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -441,7 +393,7 @@ func (t *transactionService) WatchSentTransaction(txHash common.Hash) (<-chan ty
 }
 
 func (t *transactionService) PendingTransactions() ([]common.Hash, error) {
-	var txHashes = make([]common.Hash, 0)
+	txHashes := make([]common.Hash, 0)
 	err := t.store.Iterate(pendingTransactionPrefix, func(key, value []byte) (stop bool, err error) {
 		txHash := common.HexToHash(strings.TrimPrefix(string(key), pendingTransactionPrefix))
 		txHashes = append(txHashes, txHash)
@@ -491,7 +443,7 @@ func (t *transactionService) ResendTransaction(ctx context.Context, txHash commo
 		return err
 	}
 
-	gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := t.suggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, sctx.GetGasPrice(ctx), storedTransaction.GasTipBoost)
+	gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := t.backend.SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, sctx.GetGasPrice(ctx), storedTransaction.GasTipBoost)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -531,7 +483,7 @@ func (t *transactionService) CancelTransaction(ctx context.Context, originalTxHa
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 
-	gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := t.suggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, sctx.GetGasPrice(ctx), 0)
+	gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := t.backend.SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, sctx.GetGasPrice(ctx), 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/transaction_test.go b/pkg/transaction/transaction_test.go
index d8b830e5780..079e341dd27 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/transaction_test.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/transaction_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	minimumTip = big.NewInt(transaction.MinimumGasTipCap)
+	minimumTip = big.NewInt(1_500_000_000)
 	baseFee    = big.NewInt(3_000_000_000)
 )
 
@@ -75,6 +75,39 @@ func signerMockForTransaction(t *testing.T, signedTx *types.Transaction, sender
 	)
 }
 
+func checkStoredTransaction(t *testing.T, transactionService transaction.Service, txHash common.Hash, request *transaction.TxRequest, recipient common.Address, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, nonce uint64) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	storedTransaction, err := transactionService.StoredTransaction(txHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if storedTransaction.To == nil || *storedTransaction.To != recipient {
+		t.Fatalf("got wrong recipient in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", recipient, storedTransaction.To)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(storedTransaction.Data, request.Data) {
+		t.Fatalf("got wrong data in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Data, storedTransaction.Data)
+	}
+
+	if storedTransaction.Description != request.Description {
+		t.Fatalf("got wrong description in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Description, storedTransaction.Description)
+	}
+
+	if storedTransaction.GasLimit != gasLimit {
+		t.Fatalf("got wrong gas limit in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasLimit, storedTransaction.GasLimit)
+	}
+
+	if gasPrice.Cmp(storedTransaction.GasPrice) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("got wrong gas price in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasPrice, storedTransaction.GasPrice)
+	}
+
+	if storedTransaction.Nonce != nonce {
+		t.Fatalf("got wrong nonce in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", nonce, storedTransaction.Nonce)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -130,11 +163,8 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithPendingNonceAtFunc(func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 					return nonce - 1, nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return suggestedGasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return gasFeeCap, suggestedGasTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, sender, chainID),
@@ -160,34 +190,7 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal("returning wrong transaction hash")
 		}
 
-		storedTransaction, err := transactionService.StoredTransaction(txHash)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.To == nil || *storedTransaction.To != recipient {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong recipient in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", recipient, storedTransaction.To)
-		}
-
-		if !bytes.Equal(storedTransaction.Data, request.Data) {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong data in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Data, storedTransaction.Data)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.Description != request.Description {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong description in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Description, storedTransaction.Description)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.GasLimit != gasLimit {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong gas limit in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasLimit, storedTransaction.GasLimit)
-		}
-
-		if gasFeeCap.Cmp(storedTransaction.GasPrice) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong gas price in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasFeeCap, storedTransaction.GasPrice)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.Nonce != nonce {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong nonce in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", nonce, storedTransaction.Nonce)
-		}
+		checkStoredTransaction(t, transactionService, txHash, request, recipient, gasLimit, gasFeeCap, nonce)
 
 		pending, err := transactionService.PendingTransactions()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -237,11 +240,8 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithPendingNonceAtFunc(func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 					return nonce - 1, nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return suggestedGasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return gasFeeCap, suggestedGasTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, sender, chainID),
@@ -267,34 +267,7 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal("returning wrong transaction hash")
 		}
 
-		storedTransaction, err := transactionService.StoredTransaction(txHash)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.To == nil || *storedTransaction.To != recipient {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong recipient in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", recipient, storedTransaction.To)
-		}
-
-		if !bytes.Equal(storedTransaction.Data, request.Data) {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong data in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Data, storedTransaction.Data)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.Description != request.Description {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong description in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Description, storedTransaction.Description)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.GasLimit != gasLimit {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong gas limit in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasLimit, storedTransaction.GasLimit)
-		}
-
-		if gasFeeCap.Cmp(storedTransaction.GasPrice) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong gas price in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasFeeCap, storedTransaction.GasPrice)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.Nonce != nonce {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong nonce in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", nonce, storedTransaction.Nonce)
-		}
+		checkStoredTransaction(t, transactionService, txHash, request, recipient, gasLimit, gasFeeCap, nonce)
 
 		pending, err := transactionService.PendingTransactions()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -353,11 +326,8 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithPendingNonceAtFunc(func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 					return nonce - 1, nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return suggestedGasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return gasFeeCapWithBoost, suggestedGasTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, sender, chainID),
@@ -383,34 +353,7 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal("returning wrong transaction hash")
 		}
 
-		storedTransaction, err := transactionService.StoredTransaction(txHash)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.To == nil || *storedTransaction.To != recipient {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong recipient in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", recipient, storedTransaction.To)
-		}
-
-		if !bytes.Equal(storedTransaction.Data, request.Data) {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong data in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Data, storedTransaction.Data)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.Description != request.Description {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong description in stored transaction. wanted %x, got %x", request.Description, storedTransaction.Description)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.GasLimit != gasLimit {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong gas limit in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasLimit, storedTransaction.GasLimit)
-		}
-
-		if gasFeeCapWithBoost.Cmp(storedTransaction.GasPrice) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong gas price in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", gasFeeCapWithBoost, storedTransaction.GasPrice)
-		}
-
-		if storedTransaction.Nonce != nonce {
-			t.Fatalf("got wrong nonce in stored transaction. wanted %d, got %d", nonce, storedTransaction.Nonce)
-		}
+		checkStoredTransaction(t, transactionService, txHash, request, recipient, gasLimit, gasFeeCapWithBoost, nonce)
 
 		pending, err := transactionService.PendingTransactions()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -465,11 +408,8 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithPendingNonceAtFunc(func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 					return nonce, nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return suggestedGasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return gasFeeCap, suggestedGasTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, sender, chainID),
@@ -533,11 +473,8 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithPendingNonceAtFunc(func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 					return nextNonce, nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return suggestedGasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return gasFeeCap, suggestedGasTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, sender, chainID),
@@ -602,11 +539,8 @@ func TestTransactionSend(t *testing.T) {
 				backendmock.WithPendingNonceAtFunc(func(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error) {
 					return nextNonce, nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return suggestedGasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return customGasFeeCap, customGasFeeCap, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, sender, chainID),
@@ -748,11 +682,8 @@ func TestTransactionResend(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 				return nil
 			}),
-			backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-				return gasTip, nil
-			}),
-			backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-				return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+			backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+				return gasFeeCap, gasTip, nil
 			}),
 		),
 		signerMockForTransaction(t, signedTx, recipient, chainID),
@@ -838,11 +769,8 @@ func TestTransactionCancel(t *testing.T) {
 					}
 					return nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return gasTip, nil
-				}),
-				backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
-					return &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee}, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return fee, minimumTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, cancelTx, recipient, chainID),
@@ -879,7 +807,7 @@ func TestTransactionCancel(t *testing.T) {
 			Value:     big.NewInt(0),
 			Gas:       21000,
 			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-			GasTipCap: gasTip,
+			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
 			Data:      []byte{},
 		})
 
@@ -891,8 +819,8 @@ func TestTransactionCancel(t *testing.T) {
 					}
 					return nil
 				}),
-				backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-					return gasTip, nil
+				backendmock.WithSuggestedFeeAndTipFunc(func(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+					return gasFee, gasTip, nil
 				}),
 			),
 			signerMockForTransaction(t, cancelTx, recipient, chainID),
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/wrapped/fee.go b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/fee.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3b02b3423ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/fee.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Swarm Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package wrapped
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+const (
+	percentageDivisor = 100
+	baseFeeMultiplier = 2
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrEIP1559NotSupported = errors.New("network does not appear to support EIP-1559 (no baseFee)")
+)
+
+// SuggestedFeeAndTip calculates the recommended gasFeeCap and gasTipCap for a transaction.
+func (b *wrappedBackend) SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx context.Context, gasPrice *big.Int, boostPercent int) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error) {
+	if gasPrice != nil {
+		// 1. gasFeeCap: The absolute maximum price per gas does not exceed the user's specified price.
+		// 2. gasTipCap: The entire amount (gasPrice - baseFee) can be used as a priority fee.
+		return new(big.Int).Set(gasPrice), new(big.Int).Set(gasPrice), nil
+	}
+
+	gasTipCap, err := b.backend.SuggestGasTipCap(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to suggest gas tip cap: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if boostPercent != 0 {
+		// multiplier: 100 + boostPercent (e.g., 110 for 10% boost)
+		multiplier := new(big.Int).Add(big.NewInt(int64(percentageDivisor)), big.NewInt(int64(boostPercent)))
+		// gasTipCap = gasTipCap * (100 + boostPercent) / 100
+		gasTipCap.Mul(gasTipCap, multiplier).Div(gasTipCap, big.NewInt(int64(percentageDivisor)))
+	}
+
+	minimumTip := big.NewInt(b.minimumGasTipCap)
+	if gasTipCap.Cmp(minimumTip) < 0 {
+		gasTipCap.Set(minimumTip)
+	}
+
+	latestBlockHeader, err := b.backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get latest block header: %w", err)
+	}
+	if latestBlockHeader == nil || latestBlockHeader.BaseFee == nil {
+		return nil, nil, ErrEIP1559NotSupported
+	}
+
+	// EIP-1559: gasFeeCap = (2 * baseFee) + gasTipCap
+	gasFeeCap := new(big.Int).Mul(latestBlockHeader.BaseFee, big.NewInt(int64(baseFeeMultiplier)))
+	gasFeeCap.Add(gasFeeCap, gasTipCap)
+
+	return gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, nil
+}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/wrapped/fee_test.go b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/fee_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..77847ec40d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/fee_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Swarm Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package wrapped_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction/backendmock"
+	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction/wrapped"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+)
+
+func TestSuggestedFeeAndTip(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var (
+		ctx              = context.Background()
+		minimumGasTipCap = uint64(10)
+		baseFee          = big.NewInt(100)
+	)
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name              string
+		gasPrice          *big.Int
+		boostPercent      int
+		mockSuggestGasTip *big.Int
+		mockSuggestGasErr error
+		mockHeader        *types.Header
+		mockHeaderErr     error
+		wantGasFeeCap     *big.Int
+		wantGasTipCap     *big.Int
+		wantErr           error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "with gas price",
+			gasPrice:      big.NewInt(1000),
+			wantGasFeeCap: big.NewInt(1000),
+			wantGasTipCap: big.NewInt(1000),
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "suggest tip error",
+			mockSuggestGasErr: errors.New("suggest tip error"),
+			wantErr:           errors.New("failed to suggest gas tip cap: suggest tip error"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "header error",
+			mockSuggestGasTip: big.NewInt(20),
+			mockHeaderErr:     errors.New("header error"),
+			wantErr:           errors.New("failed to get latest block header: header error"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "no base fee",
+			mockSuggestGasTip: big.NewInt(20),
+			mockHeader:        &types.Header{},
+			wantErr:           wrapped.ErrEIP1559NotSupported,
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "suggested tip > minimum",
+			mockSuggestGasTip: big.NewInt(20),
+			mockHeader:        &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee},
+			wantGasFeeCap:     big.NewInt(220), // 2*100 + 20
+			wantGasTipCap:     big.NewInt(20),
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "suggested tip < minimum",
+			mockSuggestGasTip: big.NewInt(5),
+			mockHeader:        &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee},
+			wantGasFeeCap:     big.NewInt(210), // 2*100 + 10
+			wantGasTipCap:     big.NewInt(10),
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "with boost",
+			boostPercent:      10,
+			mockSuggestGasTip: big.NewInt(20),
+			mockHeader:        &types.Header{BaseFee: baseFee},
+			wantGasFeeCap:     big.NewInt(222), // 2*100 + 22
+			wantGasTipCap:     big.NewInt(22),  // 20 * 1.1
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			backend := wrapped.NewBackend(
+				backendmock.New(
+					backendmock.WithSuggestGasTipCapFunc(func(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
+						return tc.mockSuggestGasTip, tc.mockSuggestGasErr
+					}),
+					backendmock.WithHeaderbyNumberFunc(func(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
+						return tc.mockHeader, tc.mockHeaderErr
+					}),
+				),
+				minimumGasTipCap,
+			)
+
+			gasFeeCap, gasTipCap, err := backend.SuggestedFeeAndTip(ctx, tc.gasPrice, tc.boostPercent)
+
+			if tc.wantErr != nil {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatal("expected error but got none")
+				}
+				if err.Error() != tc.wantErr.Error() {
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected error. want %v, got %v", tc.wantErr, err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantGasFeeCap.String(), gasFeeCap.String()); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("gasFeeCap mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantGasTipCap.String(), gasTipCap.String()); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("gasTipCap mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/wrapped/metrics.go b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/metrics.go
index cb7ce3967c3..a5cfaa554a0 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/wrapped/metrics.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/metrics.go
@@ -18,16 +18,14 @@ type metrics struct {
 	BlockNumberCalls        prometheus.Counter
 	BlockHeaderCalls        prometheus.Counter
 	BalanceCalls            prometheus.Counter
-	CodeAtCalls             prometheus.Counter
 	NonceAtCalls            prometheus.Counter
 	PendingNonceCalls       prometheus.Counter
 	CallContractCalls       prometheus.Counter
-	SuggestGasPriceCalls    prometheus.Counter
+	SuggestGasTipCapCalls   prometheus.Counter
 	EstimateGasCalls        prometheus.Counter
 	SendTransactionCalls    prometheus.Counter
 	FilterLogsCalls         prometheus.Counter
 	ChainIDCalls            prometheus.Counter
-	BlockByNumberCalls      prometheus.Counter
 }
 
 func newMetrics() metrics {
@@ -76,12 +74,6 @@ func newMetrics() metrics {
 			Name:      "calls_balance",
 			Help:      "Count of eth_getBalance rpc calls",
 		}),
-		CodeAtCalls: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
-			Namespace: m.Namespace,
-			Subsystem: subsystem,
-			Name:      "calls_code_at",
-			Help:      "Count of eth_getCode rpc calls",
-		}),
 		NonceAtCalls: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 			Namespace: m.Namespace,
 			Subsystem: subsystem,
@@ -100,11 +92,11 @@ func newMetrics() metrics {
 			Name:      "calls_eth_call",
 			Help:      "Count of eth_call rpc calls",
 		}),
-		SuggestGasPriceCalls: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		SuggestGasTipCapCalls: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 			Namespace: m.Namespace,
 			Subsystem: subsystem,
-			Name:      "calls_suggest_gasprice",
-			Help:      "Count of eth_suggestGasPrice rpc calls",
+			Name:      "calls_suggest_gas_tip_cap",
+			Help:      "Count of eth_maxPriorityFeePerGas rpc calls",
 		}),
 		EstimateGasCalls: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 			Namespace: m.Namespace,
@@ -130,12 +122,6 @@ func newMetrics() metrics {
 			Name:      "calls_chain_id",
 			Help:      "Count of eth_chainId rpc calls",
 		}),
-		BlockByNumberCalls: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
-			Namespace: m.Namespace,
-			Subsystem: subsystem,
-			Name:      "calls_block_by_number",
-			Help:      "Count of eth_getBlockByNumber rpc calls",
-		}),
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/transaction/wrapped/wrapped.go b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/wrapped.go
index 87ec74da7e9..1a51a618a88 100644
--- a/pkg/transaction/wrapped/wrapped.go
+++ b/pkg/transaction/wrapped/wrapped.go
@@ -12,21 +12,25 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
 	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction"
+	"github.com/ethersphere/bee/v2/pkg/transaction/backend"
 )
 
-var _ transaction.Backend = (*wrappedBackend)(nil)
+var (
+	_ transaction.Backend = (*wrappedBackend)(nil)
+)
 
 type wrappedBackend struct {
-	backend *ethclient.Client
-	metrics metrics
+	backend          backend.Geth
+	metrics          metrics
+	minimumGasTipCap int64
 }
 
-func NewBackend(backend *ethclient.Client) transaction.Backend {
+func NewBackend(backend backend.Geth, minimumGasTipCap uint64) transaction.Backend {
 	return &wrappedBackend{
-		backend: backend,
-		metrics: newMetrics(),
+		backend:          backend,
+		minimumGasTipCap: int64(minimumGasTipCap),
+		metrics:          newMetrics(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -102,17 +106,6 @@ func (b *wrappedBackend) NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, bl
 	return nonce, nil
 }
 
-func (b *wrappedBackend) CodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
-	b.metrics.TotalRPCCalls.Inc()
-	b.metrics.CodeAtCalls.Inc()
-	code, err := b.backend.CodeAt(ctx, contract, blockNumber)
-	if err != nil {
-		b.metrics.TotalRPCErrors.Inc()
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return code, nil
-}
-
 func (b *wrappedBackend) CallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
 	b.metrics.TotalRPCCalls.Inc()
 	b.metrics.CallContractCalls.Inc()
@@ -135,20 +128,9 @@ func (b *wrappedBackend) PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Addr
 	return nonce, nil
 }
 
-func (b *wrappedBackend) SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	b.metrics.TotalRPCCalls.Inc()
-	b.metrics.SuggestGasPriceCalls.Inc()
-	gasPrice, err := b.backend.SuggestGasPrice(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		b.metrics.TotalRPCErrors.Inc()
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return gasPrice, nil
-}
-
 func (b *wrappedBackend) SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
 	b.metrics.TotalRPCCalls.Inc()
-	b.metrics.SuggestGasPriceCalls.Inc()
+	b.metrics.SuggestGasTipCapCalls.Inc()
 	gasTipCap, err := b.backend.SuggestGasTipCap(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.metrics.TotalRPCErrors.Inc()
@@ -201,21 +183,6 @@ func (b *wrappedBackend) ChainID(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
 	return chainID, nil
 }
 
-// BlockByNumber implements transaction.Backend.
-func (b *wrappedBackend) BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error) {
-	b.metrics.TotalRPCCalls.Inc()
-	b.metrics.BlockByNumberCalls.Inc()
-	block, err := b.backend.BlockByNumber(ctx, number)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, ethereum.NotFound) {
-			b.metrics.TotalRPCErrors.Inc()
-		}
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return block, nil
-}
-
-func (b *wrappedBackend) Close() error {
+func (b *wrappedBackend) Close() {
 	b.backend.Close()
-	return nil
 }