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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/new_concept_exercise_template.md
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@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ This concept exercise is meant to teach an understanding/use of`<concept-SLUG>`.
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*
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@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ This concept exercise is meant to teach an understanding/use of`<concept-SLUG>`.
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*### `links.json`
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* The same resources can be used for the [`concepts/links.json`](https://github.com/exercism/docs/blob/main/anatomy/tracks/concepts.md#file-linksjson) file, if it doesn't already exist.
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* If there are particularly good/interesting informations sources for this concept that extend or supplement the concept exercise material, please add them to the `links.json` document.
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* If there are particularly good/interesting information sources for this concept that extend or supplement the concept exercise material, please add them to the `links.json` document.
**`But our maintainers are not accepting community contributions at this time.`**
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We 💛 💙 our community.
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**`But our maintainers are not accepting community contributions at this time.`**
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Please read this [community blog post](https://exercism.org/blog/freeing-our-maintainers) for details.
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</tr>
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</table>
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<br>
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**`exercism/Python`** is one of many programming language tracks on [exercism(dot)org][exercism-website].
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**`exercism/Python`** is one of many programming language tracks on [exercism(dot)org][exercism-website].
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This repo holds all the instructions, tests, code, & support files for Python _exercises_ currently under development or implemented & available for students.
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🌟 Track exercises support Python `3.7` - `3.11.2`.
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Exceptions to this support are noted where they occur.
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Exceptions to this support are noted where they occur.
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🌟 Track tooling (_test-runner, representer, analyzer, and Continuous Integration_) runs on Python `3.11.2`.
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Exercises are grouped into **concept** exercises which teach the [Python syllabus][python-syllabus], and **practice** exercises, which are unlocked by progressing in the syllabus tree 🌴 .
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It is not uncommon to discover typos, confusing directions, or incorrect implementations of certain tests or code examples. Or you might have a great suggestion for a hint to aid students ( 💙 ), see optimizations for exemplar or test code, find missing test cases to add, or want to correct factual and/or logical errors. Or maybe you have a great idea 💡 for an exercise or feature ( 💙 ).
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_Our track is always a work in progress!_ 🌟🌟
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_Our track is always a work in progress!_ 🌟🌟
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While contributions are paused, we ask that you [`open a thread in our community forum`](https://forum.exercism.org) to let us know what you have found/suggest.
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<br>
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## 🚧 **Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?**
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**`Our maintainers are not accepting community contributions at this time.`**
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**`Our maintainers are not accepting community contributions at this time.`**
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Please read this [community blog post](https://exercism.org/blog/freeing-our-maintainers) for details.
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Once the pause ends, we will **happily** consider your PR.
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Once the pause ends, we will **happily** consider your PR.
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Until that time, all PRs from the larger community will be **automatically closed** with a note.
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We're leaving the general contributing docs below for our long-term collaborators and maintainers.
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If you have any questions or issues, don't hesitate to ask the maintainers -- they're always happy to help 💛 💙
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Some of our code is old and does not (yet) conform to all these standards.
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Some of our code is old and does not (yet) conform to all these standards.
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_We know it, and trust us, we are working on fixing it._ But if you see 👀 something, 👄 say something. It'll motivate us to fix it! 🌈
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<br>
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<br>
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This track officially supports Python `3.7 - 3.11.2` for students completing exercises.
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This track officially supports Python `3.7 - 3.11.2` for students completing exercises.
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The track `test runner`, `analyzer`, and `representer` run in docker on `python:3.11.2-slim`.
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Although the majority of test cases are written using `unittest.TestCase`,
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<br>
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Practice exercise `<exercise_slug>_test.py` files are generated/regenerated via the [Python Track Test Generator][python-track-test-generator].
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Practice exercise `<exercise_slug>_test.py` files are generated/regenerated via the [Python Track Test Generator][python-track-test-generator].
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Please reach out to a maintainer if you need any help with the process.
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<br>
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1. Verification of the tests
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2. Example implementation for mentor/student reference
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Unlike `concept` exercise, practice exercise `example.py` files are **NOT** intended as as a "best practice" or "standard".
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Unlike `concept` exercise, practice exercise `example.py` files are **NOT** intended as as a "best practice" or "standard".
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They are provided as proof that there is an acceptable and testable answer to the practice exercise.
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<br>
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<br>
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<b>You will need</b>
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1. A local clone of the [problem-specifications] repository.
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1. A local clone of the [problem-specifications] repository.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: concepts/basics/about.md
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Python is a [dynamic and strongly typed][dynamic typing in python] programming language.
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It employs both [duck typing][duck typing] and [gradual typing][gradual typing], via [type hints][type hints].
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Imperative, declarative (e.g., functional), and object-oriented programming _styles_ are all supported, but internally **[everything in Python is an object][everythings an object]**.
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Imperative, declarative (e.g., functional), and object-oriented programming _styles_ are all supported, but internally **[everything in Python is an object][everything is an object]**.
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Python puts a strong emphasis on code readability and (_similar to Haskell_) uses [significant indentation][significant indentation] to denote function, method, and class definitions.
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# The body of a function is indented by 2 spaces, & prints the sum of the numbers.
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defadd_two_numbers(number_one, number_two):
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total = number_one + number_two
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print(total)
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print(total)
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>>> add_two_numbers(3, 4)
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```python
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# Function definition on first line, explicit return used on final line.
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defadd_two_numbers(number_one, number_two):
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return number_one + number_two
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return number_one + number_two
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# Calling the function in the Python terminal returns the sum of the numbers.
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>>> add_two_numbers(3, 4)
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# Assigning the function call to a variable and printing
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# Assigning the function call to a variable and printing
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: concepts/basics/introduction.md
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Python was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.
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Imperative, declarative (e.g., functional), and object-oriented programming _styles_ are all supported, but internally **[everything in Python is an object][everythings an object]**.
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Imperative, declarative (e.g., functional), and object-oriented programming _styles_ are all supported, but internally **[everything in Python is an object][everything is an object]**.
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We'll dig more into what all of that means as we continue through the Python track concepts.
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# The body of this function is indented by 2 spaces,& prints the sum of the numbers.
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defadd_two_numbers(number_one, number_two):
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total = number_one + number_two
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print(total)
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>>> add_two_numbers(3, 4)
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```python
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# Function definition on first line, explicit return used on final line.
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defadd_two_numbers(number_one, number_two):
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# Calling the function in the Python terminal returns the sum of the numbers.
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>>> add_two_numbers(3, 4)
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# Assigning the function call to a variable and printing
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# Assigning the function call to a variable and printing
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: concepts/bitwise-operators/about.md
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# Converting an int display to binary string, with prefix.
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>>>bin(23)
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>>>bin(23)
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'0b10111'
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>>> number =23
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# Binary without prefix, padded to 8 digits.
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>>>format(number, '08b')
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>>>format(number, '08b')
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'00010111'
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# Same format, but using an f-string.
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>>>f"{number} in decimal is {number:08b} in binary and {number:x} in hex"
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>>>f"{number} in decimal is {number:08b} in binary and {number:x} in hex"
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'23 in decimal is 00010111 in binary and 17 in hex'
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```
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Positive numbers have an MSB of `0`.
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This representation has the advantage of only having one version of zero, so that the programmer doesn't have to manage `-0` and `+0`.
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This way of representing negative and positive numbers adds a complication for Python: there are no finite-integer concepts like `int32` or `int64` internally in the core langauge.
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This way of representing negative and positive numbers adds a complication for Python: there are no finite-integer concepts like `int32` or `int64` internally in the core language.
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In 'modern' Python, `int`s are of unlimited size (_limited only by hardware capacity_), and a negative or bit-inverted number has a (_theoretically_) infinite number of `1`'s to the left, just as a positive number has unlimited `0`'s.
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This makes it difficult to give a useful example of `bitwise not`:
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# This is a negative binary (not twos-complement display).
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'-1100111'
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'-1100111'
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# Decimal representation.
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>>> x
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