Auto merge of #117814 - RalfJung:rustc-logger-without-set-var, r=TaKO8Ki

rustc_log: provide a way to init logging based on the values, not names, of the env vars

Miri wants to affect how rustc does logging. So far this required setting environment variables before calling `rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger`. However, `set_var` is a function one should really [avoid calling](rust-lang/rust#90308), so this adds the necessary APIs to rustc such that Miri can just pass it the *values* of all the log-relevant environment variables, rather than having to change the global environment.

Author: bors