Auto merge of #107614 - compiler-errors:allow-elaborator-to-filter-only-super-traits, r=oli-obk

Split implied and super predicate queries, then allow elaborator to filter only supertraits

Split the `super_predicates_of` query into a new `implied_predicates_of` query. The former now only returns the *real* supertraits of a trait alias, and the latter now returns the implied predicates (which include all of the `where` clauses of the trait alias). The behavior of these queries is identical for regular traits.

Now that the two queries are split, we can add a new filter method to the elaborator, `filter_only_self()`, which can be used in instances that we need only the *supertrait* predicates, such as during the elaboration used in closure signature deduction. This toggles the usage of `super_predicates_of` instead of `implied_predicates_of` during elaboration of a trait predicate.

This supersedes #104745, and fixes the four independent bugs identified in that PR.
Fixes #104719
Fixes #106238
Fixes #110023
Fixes #109514

r? types

Author: bors