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fbdoc: wiki snapshot 2018-09-03
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‎doc/manual/cache/CatPgFullIndex.wakka‎

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@@ -273,6 +273,7 @@ Alphabetical listing of keywords, macros and procedures.
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgFreefile|FREEFILE"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgFunction|FUNCTION"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgMemberFunction|FUNCTION (Member)"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgFunctionPtr|FUNCTION (Pointer)"}}
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{{fbdoc item="section" value="G"}}{{anchor name="g"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgGetgraphics|GET (Graphics)"}}
@@ -516,6 +517,7 @@ Alphabetical listing of keywords, macros and procedures.
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgOpStrptr|STRPTR"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgSub|SUB"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgMemberSub|SUB (Member)"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgSubPtr|SUB (Pointer)"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgSwap|SWAP"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgSystem|SYSTEM"}}
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‎doc/manual/cache/CatPgFunctIndex.wakka‎

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@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ List of ""FreeBASIC"" keywords sorted by the function they perform.
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgDouble|DOUBLE"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgEnum|ENUM"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgExtends|EXTENDS"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgFunctionPtr|FUNCTION (Pointer)"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgImplements|IMPLEMENTS"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgInteger|INTEGER"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgLong|LONG"}}
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ List of ""FreeBASIC"" keywords sorted by the function they perform.
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgSingle|SINGLE"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgStatic|STATIC"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgString|STRING"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgSubPtr|SUB (Pointer)"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgType|TYPE"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgTypeAlias|TYPE (Alias)"}}
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- {{fbdoc item="keyword" value="KeyPgTypeTemp|TYPE (Temporary)"}}

‎doc/manual/cache/CompilerErrMsg.wakka‎

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‎doc/manual/cache/KeyPgFunctionPtr.wakka‎

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@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Data type that stores a pointer to a ##[[KeyPgFunction|FUNCTION]]## procedure re
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{{fbdoc item="desc"}}
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A ##[[KeyPgFunction|Function]]## pointer is a procedure pointer that stores the memory location of compiled code that returns a value. If no intializer is given the default initial value is zero (0).
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The memory address for the ##[[KeyPgFunction|Function]]## procedure can be assigned to the variable by taking the address of a subroutine with ##[[KeyPgOpProcPtr|ProcPtr]]## or ##[[KeyPgOpAt|Operator @ (Address of)]]##.
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The memory address for the ##[[KeyPgFunction|Function]]## procedure can be assigned to the variable by taking the address of a subroutine with ##[[KeyPgOpProcptr|ProcPtr]]## or ##[[KeyPgOpAt|Operator @ (Address of)]]##.
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The procedure must match the same ##[[KeyPgFunction|Function]]## declaration as the declared ##[[KeyPgFunction|Function]]## pointer.
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@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Print operation(4, @x3)
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{{fbdoc item="see"}}
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- ##[[KeyPgSub|Sub]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgOpProcPtr|ProcPtr]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgOpProcptr|ProcPtr]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgOpAt|Operator @ (Address of)]]##
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{{fbdoc item="back" value="CatPgStdDataTypes|Standard Data Types"}}

‎doc/manual/cache/KeyPgOpDeleteOverload.wakka‎

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{{fbdoc item="title" value="Operator Delete Overload"}}----
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Member operator to overload memory deallocation process part provided by ##[[KeyPgOpDelete|Operator Delete Statement]]## when applying to a UDT (User Defined Type).
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{{fbdoc item="syntax"}}##
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[[KeyPgDeclare|declare]] [[KeyPgOperator|operator]] **delete** ( //buf// [[KeyPgAs|as]] [[KeyPgAny|any]] [[KeyPgPtr|ptr]] )
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[[KeyPgDeclare|declare]] [[KeyPgOperator|operator]] **delete[]** ( //buf// [[KeyPgAs|as]] [[KeyPgAny|any]] [[KeyPgPtr|ptr]] )
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##
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{{fbdoc item="param"}}
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##//buf//##
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A pointer to memory that has been allocated by ##[[KeyPgOpNewOverload|New Overload]]## operator or ##**New[] Overload**## operator, the array-version of ##[[KeyPgOpNewOverload|New Overload]]## operator.
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{{fbdoc item="desc"}}
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The member operator ##**Delete Overload**## overloads the memory deallocation process part provided by the ##[[KeyPgOpDelete|Delete Statement]]## operator when applying to a UDT (User Defined Type). So the user can define its own memory deallocation process part.
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But before that, the UDT instance destruction process part provided by the ##[[KeyPgOpDelete|Delete Statement]]## operator is not modified.
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##**Delete[] Overload**## operator is the array-version of ##**Delete Overload**## operator and overloads the memory deallocation process provided by the ##**Delete[] Statement**## operator when applying to a UDT (User Defined Type).
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Memory freed with ##**Delete Overload**## operator must have be allocated with ##[[KeyPgOpNewOverload|New Overload]]## operator. Memory freed with ##**Delete[] Overload**## operator must have been allocated with ##**New[] Overload operator**##, the array-version of ##[[KeyPgOpNewOverload|New Overload]]## operator. You cannot mix and match the different versions of the operators.
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Member operators ##**Delete Overload**##, and ##**Delete[] Overload**## are always static, even if not explicitly declared (##[[KeyPgStaticMember|static]]## keyword is unnecessary but allowed). Thus, they do not have an implicit ##[[KeyPgThis|This]]## instance argument passed to them (because instance already been destroyed).
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{{fbdoc item="ex"}}
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See the ##[[KeyPgOpNewOverload|New Overload]]## operator examples.
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{{fbdoc item="lang"}}
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- Only available in the //[[CompilerOptlang|-lang fb]]// dialect.
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{{fbdoc item="diff"}}
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- New to ""FreeBASIC""
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{{fbdoc item="see"}}
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- ##[[KeyPgOpDelete|Delete Statement]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgOpNewOverload|New Overload]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgDeallocate|Deallocate]]##
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{{fbdoc item="back" value="CatPgOpMemory|Memory Operators"}}{{fbdoc item="back" value="CatPgOperators|Operators"}}

‎doc/manual/cache/KeyPgOpNewOverload.wakka‎

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{{fbdoc item="title" value="Operator New Overload"}}----
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Member operator to overload dynamic memory allocation process part provided by ##[[KeyPgOpNew|Operator New Expression]]## when applying to a UDT (User Defined Type).
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{{fbdoc item="syntax"}}##
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[[KeyPgDeclare|declare]] [[KeyPgOperator|operator]] **new** ( //size// [[KeyPgAs|as]] [[KeyPgUinteger|uinteger]] ) [[KeyPgAs|as]] [[KeyPgAny|any]] [[KeyPgPtr|ptr]]
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[[KeyPgDeclare|declare]] [[KeyPgOperator|operator]] **new[]** ( //size// [[KeyPgAs|as]] [[KeyPgUinteger|uinteger]] ) [[KeyPgAs|as]] [[KeyPgAny|any]] [[KeyPgPtr|ptr]]
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##
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{{fbdoc item="param"}}
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##//size//##
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Number of bytes to allocate.
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{{fbdoc item="ret"}}
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A pointer of type [[KeyPgAny|any]] [[KeyPgPtr|ptr]] to the start of the newly allocated memory.
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{{fbdoc item="desc"}}
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The member operator ##**New Overload**## overloads the dynamic memory allocation process part provided by the ##[[KeyPgOpNew|New Expression]]## operator when applying to a UDT (User Defined Type). So the user can define its own dynamic memory allocation process part.
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But after that, the UDT instance construction process part provided by the ##[[KeyPgOpNew|New Expression]]## operator is not modified.
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##**New[] Overload**## operator is the array-version of the ##**New Overload**## operator and overloads the dynamic memory allocation process provided by the ##**New[] Expression**## operator when applying to a UDT (User Defined Type).
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Memory allocated with ##**New Overload**## operator must be freed with ##[[KeyPgOpDeleteOverload|Delete Overload]]## operator. Memory allocated with ##**New[] Overload**## operator must be freed with ##**Delete[] Overload**## operator, the array-version of ##[[KeyPgOpDeleteOverload|Delete Overload]]## operator. You cannot mix and match the different versions of the operators.
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Member operators ##**New Overload**##, and ##**New[] Overload**## are always static, even if not explicitly declared (##[[KeyPgStaticMember|static]]## keyword is unnecessary but allowed). Thus, they do not have an implicit ##[[KeyPgThis|This]]## instance argument passed to them (because instance not yet been constructed).
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{{fbdoc item="ex"}}
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Aligned memory allocator:
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- by using the member operators "New Overload" and "Delete Overload", any created User object is aligned to a multiple of "ALIGN" bytes (256 bytes in this example),
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- the real pointer of the allocated memory is saved just above the User pointer, in the padding block.
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{{fbdoc item="filename" value="examples/manual/udt/newoverload1.bas"}}
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%%(freebasic)
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Const ALIGN = 256
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Type UDT
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Dim As Byte a(0 to 10 * 1024 * 1024 - 1) '' 10 megabyte fixed array
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Declare Operator New (Byval size As UInteger) As Any Ptr
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Declare Operator Delete (Byval buffer As Any Ptr)
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Declare Constructor ()
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Declare Destructor ()
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End Type
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Operator UDT.New (Byval size As UInteger) As Any Ptr
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Print " Overloaded New operator, with parameter size = &h" & Hex(size)
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Dim pOrig As Any Ptr = Callocate(ALIGN-1 + Sizeof(UDT Ptr) + size)
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Dim pMin As Any Ptr = pOrig + Sizeof(UDT Ptr)
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Dim p As Any Ptr = pMin + ALIGN-1 - (Culng(pMin + ALIGN-1) Mod ALIGN)
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Cast(Any Ptr Ptr, p)[-1] = pOrig
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Operator = p
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Print " real pointer = &h" & Hex(pOrig), "return pointer = &h" & Hex(p)
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End Operator
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Operator UDT.Delete (Byval buffer As Any Ptr)
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Print " Overloaded Delete operator, with parameter buffer = &h" & Hex(buffer)
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Dim pOrig As Any Ptr = Cast(Any Ptr Ptr, buffer)[-1]
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Deallocate(pOrig)
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Print " real pointer = &h" & Hex(pOrig)
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End Operator
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Constructor UDT ()
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Print " Constructor, @This = &h" & Hex(@This)
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End Constructor
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Destructor UDT ()
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Print " Destructor, @This = &h" & Hex(@This)
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End destructor
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Print "'Dim As UDT Ptr p = New UDT'"
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Dim As UDT Ptr p = New UDT
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Print " p = &h" & Hex(p)
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Print "'Delete p'"
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Delete p
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Sleep
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%%
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Output example:
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%%
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'Dim As UDT Ptr p = New UDT'
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Overloaded New operator, with parameter size = &hA00000
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real pointer = &h420020 return pointer = &h420100
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Constructor, @This = &h420100
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p = &h420100
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'Delete p'
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Destructor, @This = &h420100
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Overloaded Delete operator, with parameter buffer = &h420100
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real pointer = &h420020
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%%
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Dynamic allocation manager for UDT, by using the member operators "New[] Overload" and "Delete[] Overload":
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- monitoring of memory allocations/deallocations: addresses, sizes and total memory used,
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- detection of abnormal deallocation requests,
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- detection of a failed allocation (Allocate() returning null pointer),
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- detection of total allocated memory size exceeding a threshold,
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- the last two detection cases induces an automatic memory freeing before forcing the program to end.
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The principle is to manage a dynamic list of successful allocations, but not yet freed, containing the allocated addresses with their requested sizes:
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{{fbdoc item="filename" value="examples/manual/udt/newoverload2.bas"}}
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%%(freebasic)
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Type UDTmanager
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'' user UDT fields:
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Dim As Byte b(1 to 1024*1024)
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'' manager fields:
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Public:
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Declare Operator New[] (Byval size As Uinteger) As Any Ptr
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Declare Operator Delete[] (Byval buf As Any Ptr)
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Static As Uinteger maxmemory
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Private:
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Static As Any Ptr address()
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Static As Uinteger bytes()
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Static upbound As Uinteger
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Declare Static Function printLine (Byref text As String, Byval index As Uinteger, Byval sign As Integer) As Uinteger
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Declare Static Sub endProgram ()
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End Type
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Dim As Uinteger UDTmanager.maxmemory = 3 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
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Redim UDTmanager.address(0)
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Redim UDTmanager.bytes(0)
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Dim UDTmanager.upbound As Uinteger = 0
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Function UDTmanager.printLine (Byref text As String, Byval index As Uinteger, Byval sign As Integer) As Uinteger
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Dim As UInteger total = 0
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For I As Uinteger = 1 To UDTmanager.upbound
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If I <> index Orelse Sgn(sign) > 0 Then
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total += UDTmanager.bytes(I)
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End If
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Next I
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Print text, "&h";
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Print Hex(UDTmanager.address(index), Sizeof(Any Ptr) * 2),
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If sign <> 0 Then
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Print Using " +####.## MB"; Sgn(sign) * Cast(Integer, UDTmanager.bytes(index) / 1024) / 1024;
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Else
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Print Using "( ####.## MB)"; UDTmanager.bytes(index) / 1024 / 1024;
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End If
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Print,
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Print Using "###.## GB"; total / 1024 / 1024 / 1024
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Return total
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End Function
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Sub UDTmanager.endProgram ()
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Do While UDTmanager.upbound > 0
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Deallocate UDTmanager.address(UDTmanager.upbound)
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UDTmanager.printLine("memory deallocation forced", UDTmanager.upbound, -1)
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UDTmanager.upbound -= 1
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Redim Preserve UDTmanager.address(UDTmanager.upbound)
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Redim Preserve UDTmanager.bytes(UDTmanager.upbound)
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Loop
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Print "end program forced"
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Print
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Sleep
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End
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End Sub
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Operator UDTmanager.New[] (Byval size As Uinteger) As Any Ptr
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Dim As Any Ptr p = Allocate(size)
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If p > 0 Then
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UDTmanager.upbound += 1
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Redim Preserve UDTmanager.address(UDTmanager.upbound)
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Redim Preserve UDTmanager.bytes(UDTmanager.upbound)
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UDTmanager.address(UDTmanager.upbound) = p
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UDTmanager.bytes(UDTmanager.upbound) = size
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If UDTmanager.printLine("memory allocation", UDTmanager.upbound, +1) > UDTmanager.maxmemory Then
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UDTmanager.address(0) = p
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UDTmanager.bytes(0) = size
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Print
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UDTmanager.printLine("memory allocation exceeded", 0, 0)
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UDTmanager.endProgram()
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End If
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Return p
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Else
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UDTmanager.address(0) = p
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UDTmanager.bytes(0) = size
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Print
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UDTmanager.printLine("memory allocation failed", 0, 0)
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UDTmanager.endProgram()
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End If
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End Operator
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Operator UDTmanager.Delete[] (Byval buf As Any Ptr)
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Dim As Uinteger found = 0
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For I As Uinteger = 1 To UDTmanager.upbound
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If UDTmanager.address(I) = buf Then
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Deallocate buf
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UDTmanager.printLine("memory deallocation", I, -1)
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For J As Uinteger = I + 1 To UDTmanager.upbound
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UDTmanager.address(J - 1) = UDTmanager.address(J)
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UDTmanager.bytes(J - 1) = UDTmanager.bytes(J)
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Next J
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UDTmanager.upbound -= 1
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Redim Preserve UDTmanager.address(UDTmanager.upbound)
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Redim Preserve UDTmanager.bytes(UDTmanager.upbound)
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found = 1
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Exit For
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End If
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Next I
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If found = 0 Then
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UDTmanager.address(0) = buf
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UDTmanager.bytes(0) = 0
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UDTmanager.printLine("deallocation not matching", 0, 0)
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End If
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End Operator
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Print "Message",, "Address"& Space(Sizeof(Any Ptr)), "Size", "Total"
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Print
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Randomize
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Dim As UDTmanager Ptr pu1 = New UDTmanager[Rnd() * 256 + 1]
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Dim As UDTmanager Ptr pu2 = New UDTmanager[Rnd() * 256 + 1]
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Dim As UDTmanager Ptr pu3 = Cast(UDTmanager Ptr, 1)
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Delete[] pu2
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Delete[] pu3
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Delete[] pu2
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Delete[] pu1
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Do
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Dim As UDTmanager Ptr pu = New UDTmanager[Rnd() * 512 + 1]
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Loop
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%%
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Output for fbc 32-bit (maximum dynamic data < 2 GB).
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Here, program is stopped because of memory allocation failed:
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%%
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Message Address Size Total
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memory allocation &h020E0020 +99.00 MB 0.10 GB
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memory allocation &h083F3020 +3.00 MB 0.10 GB
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memory deallocation &h083F3020 -3.00 MB 0.10 GB
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deallocation not matching &h00000001 ( 0.00 MB) 0.10 GB
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deallocation not matching &h083F3020 ( 0.00 MB) 0.10 GB
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memory deallocation &h020E0020 -99.00 MB 0.00 GB
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memory allocation &h020ED020 +103.00 MB 0.10 GB
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memory allocation &h087F2020 +106.00 MB 0.20 GB
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memory allocation &h0F20D020 +230.00 MB 0.43 GB
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memory allocation &h1D812020 +137.00 MB 0.56 GB
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memory allocation &h2612C020 +377.00 MB 0.93 GB
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memory allocation &h3DA30020 +275.00 MB 1.20 GB
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memory allocation &h4ED40020 +220.00 MB 1.41 GB
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memory allocation &h5C958020 +229.00 MB 1.64 GB
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memory allocation failed &h00000000 ( 142.00 MB) 1.64 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h5C958020 -229.00 MB 1.41 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h4ED40020 -220.00 MB 1.20 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h3DA30020 -275.00 MB 0.93 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h2612C020 -377.00 MB 0.56 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h1D812020 -137.00 MB 0.43 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h0F20D020 -230.00 MB 0.20 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h087F2020 -106.00 MB 0.10 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h020ED020 -103.00 MB 0.00 GB
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end program forced
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%%
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Output for fbc 64-bit (maximum dynamic data < virtual memory).
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Here, program is stopped because of total allocated memory size > 3 GB (adjustable threshold):
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%%
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Message Address Size Total
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memory allocation &h0000000001EA5040 +105.00 MB 0.10 GB
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memory allocation &h00000000087BC040 +93.00 MB 0.19 GB
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memory deallocation &h00000000087BC040 -93.00 MB 0.10 GB
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deallocation not matching &h0000000000000001 ( 0.00 MB) 0.10 GB
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deallocation not matching &h00000000087BC040 ( 0.00 MB) 0.10 GB
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memory deallocation &h0000000001EA5040 -105.00 MB 0.00 GB
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memory allocation &h0000000001EA1040 +155.00 MB 0.15 GB
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memory allocation &h000000000B9BF040 +165.00 MB 0.31 GB
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memory allocation &h0000000015ED8040 +382.00 MB 0.69 GB
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memory allocation &h000000002DCE7040 +458.00 MB 1.13 GB
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memory allocation &h000000004A6FB040 +255.00 MB 1.38 GB
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memory allocation &h000000005A607040 +96.00 MB 1.48 GB
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memory allocation &h000000006061B040 +426.00 MB 1.89 GB
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memory allocation &h000000007FFF9040 +221.00 MB 2.11 GB
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memory allocation &h000000008DD03040 +119.00 MB 2.22 GB
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memory allocation &h0000000095413040 +147.00 MB 2.37 GB
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memory allocation &h000000009E727040 +217.00 MB 2.58 GB
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memory allocation &h00000000AC03C040 +334.00 MB 2.91 GB
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memory allocation &h00000000C0E4B040 +280.00 MB 3.18 GB
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memory allocation exceeded &h00000000C0E4B040 ( 280.00 MB) 3.18 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h00000000C0E4B040 -280.00 MB 2.91 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h00000000AC03C040 -334.00 MB 2.58 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000009E727040 -217.00 MB 2.37 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h0000000095413040 -147.00 MB 2.22 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000008DD03040 -119.00 MB 2.11 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000007FFF9040 -221.00 MB 1.89 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000006061B040 -426.00 MB 1.48 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000005A607040 -96.00 MB 1.38 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000004A6FB040 -255.00 MB 1.13 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000002DCE7040 -458.00 MB 0.69 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h0000000015ED8040 -382.00 MB 0.31 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h000000000B9BF040 -165.00 MB 0.15 GB
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memory deallocation forced &h0000000001EA1040 -155.00 MB 0.00 GB
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end program forced
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%%
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{{fbdoc item="lang"}}
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- Only available in the //[[CompilerOptlang|-lang fb]]// dialect.
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{{fbdoc item="diff"}}
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- New to ""FreeBASIC""
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{{fbdoc item="see"}}
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- ##[[KeyPgOpNew|New Expression]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgOpDeleteOverload|Delete Overload]]##
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- ##[[KeyPgAllocate|Allocate]]##
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{{fbdoc item="back" value="CatPgOpMemory|Memory Operators"}}{{fbdoc item="back" value="CatPgOperators|Operators"}}

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