diff --git a/tools/mtmd/clip.cpp b/tools/mtmd/clip.cpp
index 128a95cc11f13..a0f42e8c468fb 100644
--- a/tools/mtmd/clip.cpp
+++ b/tools/mtmd/clip.cpp
@@ -2309,6 +2309,14 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
     }
 };
 
+// read and create ggml_context containing the tensors and their data
+struct clip_ctx * clip_model_load(const char * fname, const int verbosity) {
+    return clip_init(fname, clip_context_params{
+        /* use_gpu */   true,
+        /* verbosity */ static_cast<ggml_log_level>(verbosity),
+    });
+}
+
 struct clip_ctx * clip_init(const char * fname, struct clip_context_params ctx_params) {
     g_logger_state.verbosity_thold = ctx_params.verbosity;
     clip_ctx * ctx_clip = nullptr;
@@ -3077,6 +3085,19 @@ size_t get_clip_image_grid_size(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
     return ctx->vision_model.hparams.image_grid_pinpoints.size();
 }
 
+// deprecated
+int clip_n_patches(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
+    clip_image_f32 img;
+    img.nx = ctx->vision_model.hparams.image_size;
+    img.ny = ctx->vision_model.hparams.image_size;
+    return clip_n_output_tokens(ctx, &img);
+}
+
+// deprecated
+int clip_n_patches_by_img(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img) {
+    return clip_n_output_tokens(ctx, img);
+}
+
 int clip_n_output_tokens_x(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img) {
     const auto & params = ctx->vision_model.hparams;
     const int n_total = clip_n_output_tokens(ctx, img);
diff --git a/tools/mtmd/clip.h b/tools/mtmd/clip.h
index 2d70eec94736f..0b0eb02956a32 100644
--- a/tools/mtmd/clip.h
+++ b/tools/mtmd/clip.h
@@ -1,9 +1,28 @@
-#pragma once
+#ifndef CLIP_H
+#define CLIP_H
 
 #include "ggml.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#ifdef LLAMA_SHARED
+#    if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+#        ifdef LLAMA_BUILD
+#            define CLIP_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#        else
+#            define CLIP_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#        endif
+#    else
+#        define CLIP_API __attribute__ ((visibility ("default")))
+#    endif
+#else
+#    define CLIP_API
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
 struct clip_ctx;
 
 struct clip_image_size {
@@ -20,80 +39,97 @@ struct clip_context_params {
     enum ggml_log_level verbosity;
 };
 
-struct clip_ctx * clip_init(const char * fname, struct clip_context_params ctx_params);
+// deprecated, use clip_init
+CLIP_API struct clip_ctx * clip_model_load(const char * fname, int verbosity);
+
+CLIP_API struct clip_ctx * clip_init(const char * fname, struct clip_context_params ctx_params);
 
-void clip_free(struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API void clip_free(struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
-size_t clip_embd_nbytes(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-size_t clip_embd_nbytes_by_img(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, int img_w, int img_h);
+CLIP_API size_t clip_embd_nbytes(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API size_t clip_embd_nbytes_by_img(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, int img_w, int img_h);
 
-int32_t clip_get_image_size (const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-int32_t clip_get_patch_size (const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-int32_t clip_get_hidden_size(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API int32_t clip_get_image_size (const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API int32_t clip_get_patch_size (const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API int32_t clip_get_hidden_size(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
 // TODO: should be enum, not string
-const char * clip_patch_merge_type(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API const char * clip_patch_merge_type(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
-const int32_t * clip_image_grid(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-size_t get_clip_image_grid_size(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API const int32_t * clip_image_grid(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API size_t get_clip_image_grid_size(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
-int clip_n_output_tokens(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img);
+GGML_DEPRECATED(CLIP_API int clip_n_patches(const struct clip_ctx * ctx),
+    "use clip_n_output_tokens instead");
+GGML_DEPRECATED(CLIP_API int clip_n_patches_by_img(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img),
+    "use clip_n_output_tokens instead");
+
+CLIP_API int clip_n_output_tokens(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img);
 
 // for M-RoPE, this will be the number of token positions in X and Y directions
 // for other models, X will be the total number of tokens and Y will be 1
-int clip_n_output_tokens_x(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img);
-int clip_n_output_tokens_y(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img);
+CLIP_API int clip_n_output_tokens_x(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img);
+CLIP_API int clip_n_output_tokens_y(const struct clip_ctx * ctx, struct clip_image_f32 * img);
 
 // this should be equal to the embedding dimension of the text model
-int clip_n_mmproj_embd(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API int clip_n_mmproj_embd(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
-int clip_uhd_num_image_embeds_col(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip);
-void clip_add_load_image_size(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip, struct clip_image_size * load_image_size);
-struct clip_image_size * clip_get_load_image_size(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip);
+CLIP_API int clip_uhd_num_image_embeds_col(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip);
+CLIP_API void clip_add_load_image_size(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip, struct clip_image_size * load_image_size);
+CLIP_API struct clip_image_size * clip_get_load_image_size(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip);
 
-struct clip_image_size      * clip_image_size_init(void);
-struct clip_image_u8        * clip_image_u8_init (void);
-struct clip_image_f32       * clip_image_f32_init(void);
-struct clip_image_f32_batch * clip_image_f32_batch_init(void); // only used by libllava
+CLIP_API struct clip_image_size      * clip_image_size_init(void);
+CLIP_API struct clip_image_u8        * clip_image_u8_init (void);
+CLIP_API struct clip_image_f32       * clip_image_f32_init(void);
+CLIP_API struct clip_image_f32_batch * clip_image_f32_batch_init(void); // only used by libllava
 
 // nx, ny are the output image dimensions
-unsigned char * clip_image_u8_get_data(struct clip_image_u8 * img, uint32_t * nx, uint32_t * ny);
+CLIP_API unsigned char * clip_image_u8_get_data(struct clip_image_u8 * img, uint32_t * nx, uint32_t * ny);
 
-void clip_image_size_free (struct clip_image_size * img_size);
-void clip_image_u8_free (struct clip_image_u8  * img);
-void clip_image_f32_free(struct clip_image_f32 * img);
-void clip_image_u8_batch_free (struct clip_image_u8_batch  * batch);
-void clip_image_f32_batch_free(struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch);
+CLIP_API void clip_image_size_free (struct clip_image_size * img_size);
+CLIP_API void clip_image_u8_free (struct clip_image_u8  * img);
+CLIP_API void clip_image_f32_free(struct clip_image_f32 * img);
+CLIP_API void clip_image_u8_batch_free (struct clip_image_u8_batch  * batch);
+CLIP_API void clip_image_f32_batch_free(struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch);
 
 // use for accessing underlay data of clip_image_f32_batch
-size_t clip_image_f32_batch_n_images(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch); // equivalent to batch->size()
-size_t clip_image_f32_batch_nx(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int idx); // equivalent to batch[idx]->nx
-size_t clip_image_f32_batch_ny(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int idx); // equivalent to batch[idx]->ny
-struct clip_image_f32 * clip_image_f32_get_img(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int idx); // equivalent to batch[idx]->data
+CLIP_API size_t clip_image_f32_batch_n_images(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch); // equivalent to batch->size()
+CLIP_API size_t clip_image_f32_batch_nx(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int idx); // equivalent to batch[idx]->nx
+CLIP_API size_t clip_image_f32_batch_ny(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int idx); // equivalent to batch[idx]->ny
+CLIP_API struct clip_image_f32 * clip_image_f32_get_img(const struct clip_image_f32_batch * batch, int idx); // equivalent to batch[idx]->data
 
 /**
  * Build image from pixels decoded by other libraries instead of stb_image.h for better performance.
  * The memory layout is RGBRGBRGB..., input buffer length must be 3*nx*ny bytes
  */
-void clip_build_img_from_pixels(const unsigned char * rgb_pixels, int nx, int ny, struct clip_image_u8 * img);
+CLIP_API void clip_build_img_from_pixels(const unsigned char * rgb_pixels, int nx, int ny, struct clip_image_u8 * img);
 
-bool clip_image_load_from_file(const char * fname, struct clip_image_u8 * img);
+CLIP_API bool clip_image_load_from_file(const char * fname, struct clip_image_u8 * img);
 
 /** interpret bytes as an image file with length bytes_length, and use the result to populate img */
-bool clip_image_load_from_bytes(const unsigned char * bytes, size_t bytes_length, struct clip_image_u8 * img);
+CLIP_API bool clip_image_load_from_bytes(const unsigned char * bytes, size_t bytes_length, struct clip_image_u8 * img);
 
 /** preprocess img and store the result in res_imgs, pad_to_square may be overridden to false depending on model configuration */
-bool clip_image_preprocess(struct clip_ctx * ctx, const struct clip_image_u8 * img, struct clip_image_f32_batch * res_imgs );
+CLIP_API bool clip_image_preprocess(struct clip_ctx * ctx, const struct clip_image_u8 * img, struct clip_image_f32_batch * res_imgs );
+
+CLIP_API struct ggml_tensor * clip_get_newline_tensor(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+
+CLIP_API bool clip_image_encode      (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, struct clip_image_f32 * img, float * vec);
+CLIP_API bool clip_image_batch_encode(struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, const struct clip_image_f32_batch * imgs, float * vec);
+
+CLIP_API bool clip_model_quantize(const char * fname_inp, const char * fname_out, int itype);
+
+CLIP_API int clip_is_minicpmv(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API bool clip_is_glm(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API bool clip_is_qwen2vl(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API bool clip_is_llava(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API bool clip_is_gemma3(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
 
-struct ggml_tensor * clip_get_newline_tensor(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+CLIP_API bool clip_encode_float_image (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, float * img, int h, int w, float * vec);
 
-bool clip_image_encode      (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, struct clip_image_f32 * img, float * vec);
-bool clip_image_batch_encode(struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, const struct clip_image_f32_batch * imgs, float * vec);
 
-int clip_is_minicpmv(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-bool clip_is_glm(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-bool clip_is_qwen2vl(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-bool clip_is_llava(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
-bool clip_is_gemma3(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
 
-bool clip_encode_float_image (struct clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, float * img, int h, int w, float * vec);
+#endif // CLIP_H
diff --git a/tools/mtmd/qwen2vl-test.cpp b/tools/mtmd/qwen2vl-test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7f9e3dca885c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mtmd/qwen2vl-test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+#include "arg.h"
+#include "base64.hpp"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "sampling.h"
+#include "clip.h"
+#include "llava.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+#include "ggml.h"
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_CUDA
+#include "ggml-cuda.h"
+#endif
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#include "ggml-alloc.h"
+#include "ggml-backend.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+
+// THIS FILE IS ONLY USED FOR TESTING THE QWEN2VL MODEL
+// IT IS NOT A PRODUCTION CODE
+
+static bool qwen2vl_eval_image_embed(llama_context * ctx_llama, const struct llava_image_embed * image_embed,
+                                     int n_batch, int * n_past, int * st_pos_id, struct clip_image_size * image_size) {
+    int n_embd  = llama_model_n_embd(llama_get_model(ctx_llama));
+    const int patch_size = 14 * 2;
+    const int ph = image_size->height / patch_size + (image_size->height % patch_size > 0);
+    const int pw = image_size->width / patch_size + (image_size->width % patch_size > 0);
+    auto img_tokens = image_embed->n_image_pos;
+    // llama_pos mrope_pos[img_tokens * 4];
+    std::vector<llama_pos> mrope_pos;
+    mrope_pos.resize(img_tokens * 4);
+
+    for (int y = 0; y < ph; y++)
+    {
+        for (int x = 0; x < pw; x++)
+        {
+            int i = y * pw + x;
+            mrope_pos[i] = *st_pos_id;
+            mrope_pos[i + img_tokens] = *st_pos_id + y;
+            mrope_pos[i + img_tokens * 2] = *st_pos_id + x;
+            mrope_pos[i + img_tokens * 3] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    *st_pos_id += std::max(pw, ph);
+
+    int processed = 0;
+    std::vector<llama_pos> batch_mrope_pos;
+    batch_mrope_pos.resize(img_tokens * 4);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < img_tokens; i += n_batch) {
+        int n_eval = img_tokens - i;
+        if (n_eval > n_batch) {
+            n_eval = n_batch;
+        }
+
+        // llama_pos batch_mrope_pos[n_eval * 4];
+        std::fill(batch_mrope_pos.begin(), batch_mrope_pos.end(), 0);
+        memcpy(batch_mrope_pos.data(), &mrope_pos[processed], n_eval * sizeof(llama_pos));
+        memcpy(&batch_mrope_pos[n_eval * 1], &mrope_pos[img_tokens * 1 + processed], n_eval * sizeof(llama_pos));
+        memcpy(&batch_mrope_pos[n_eval * 2], &mrope_pos[img_tokens * 2 + processed], n_eval * sizeof(llama_pos));
+        memcpy(&batch_mrope_pos[n_eval * 3], &mrope_pos[img_tokens * 3 + processed], n_eval * sizeof(llama_pos));
+
+        llama_batch batch = {
+            int32_t(n_eval),                // n_tokens
+            nullptr,                        // token
+            (image_embed->embed+i*n_embd),  // embed
+            batch_mrope_pos.data(),         // pos
+            nullptr,  // n_seq_id
+            nullptr,  // seq_id
+            nullptr,  // logits
+        };
+
+        if (llama_decode(ctx_llama, batch)) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
+            return false;
+        }
+        *n_past += n_eval;
+        processed += n_eval;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+static bool eval_tokens(struct llama_context * ctx_llama, std::vector<llama_token> tokens, int n_batch, int * n_past, int * st_pos_id) {
+    int N = (int) tokens.size();
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; i += n_batch) {
+        int n_eval = (int) tokens.size() - i;
+        if (n_eval > n_batch) {
+            n_eval = n_batch;
+        }
+        auto batch = llama_batch_get_one(&tokens[i], n_eval);
+
+        if (llama_decode(ctx_llama, batch)) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s : failed to eval. token %d/%d (batch size %d, n_past %d)\n", __func__, i, N, n_batch, *n_past);
+            return false;
+        }
+        *n_past += n_eval;
+        *st_pos_id += n_eval;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool eval_id(struct llama_context * ctx_llama, int id, int * n_past, int * st_pos_id) {
+    std::vector<llama_token> tokens;
+    tokens.push_back(id);
+    return eval_tokens(ctx_llama, tokens, 1, n_past, st_pos_id);
+}
+
+static bool eval_string(struct llama_context * ctx_llama, const char* str, int n_batch, int * n_past, int * st_pos_id, bool add_bos){
+    std::string              str2     = str;
+    std::vector<llama_token> embd_inp = common_tokenize(ctx_llama, str2, add_bos, true);
+    eval_tokens(ctx_llama, embd_inp, n_batch, n_past, st_pos_id);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static const char * sample(struct common_sampler * smpl,
+                           struct llama_context * ctx_llama,
+                           int * n_past, int * st_pos_id) {
+    const llama_token id = common_sampler_sample(smpl, ctx_llama, -1);
+    common_sampler_accept(smpl, id, true);
+
+    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx_llama);
+    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
+
+    static std::string ret;
+    if (llama_vocab_is_eog(vocab, id)) {
+        ret = "</s>";
+    } else {
+        ret = common_token_to_piece(ctx_llama, id);
+    }
+    eval_id(ctx_llama, id, n_past, st_pos_id);
+    return ret.c_str();
+}
+
+static const char* IMG_BASE64_TAG_BEGIN = "<img src=\"data:image/jpeg;base64,";
+static const char* IMG_BASE64_TAG_END = "\">";
+
+static void find_image_tag_in_prompt(const std::string& prompt, size_t& begin_out, size_t& end_out) {
+    begin_out = prompt.find(IMG_BASE64_TAG_BEGIN);
+    end_out = prompt.find(IMG_BASE64_TAG_END, (begin_out == std::string::npos) ? 0UL : begin_out);
+}
+
+static bool prompt_contains_image(const std::string& prompt) {
+    size_t begin, end;
+    find_image_tag_in_prompt(prompt, begin, end);
+    return (begin != std::string::npos);
+}
+
+// replaces the base64 image tag in the prompt with `replacement`
+static llava_image_embed * llava_image_embed_make_with_prompt_base64(struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip, int n_threads, const std::string& prompt) {
+    size_t img_base64_str_start, img_base64_str_end;
+    find_image_tag_in_prompt(prompt, img_base64_str_start, img_base64_str_end);
+    if (img_base64_str_start == std::string::npos || img_base64_str_end == std::string::npos) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: invalid base64 image tag. must be %s<base64 byte string>%s\n", __func__, IMG_BASE64_TAG_BEGIN, IMG_BASE64_TAG_END);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    auto base64_bytes_start = img_base64_str_start + strlen(IMG_BASE64_TAG_BEGIN);
+    auto base64_bytes_count = img_base64_str_end - base64_bytes_start;
+    auto base64_str = prompt.substr(base64_bytes_start, base64_bytes_count );
+
+    auto required_bytes = base64::required_encode_size(base64_str.size());
+    auto img_bytes = std::vector<unsigned char>(required_bytes);
+    base64::decode(base64_str.begin(), base64_str.end(), img_bytes.begin());
+
+    auto embed = llava_image_embed_make_with_bytes(ctx_clip, n_threads, img_bytes.data(), img_bytes.size());
+    if (!embed) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: could not load image from base64 string.\n", __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return embed;
+}
+
+static std::string remove_image_from_prompt(const std::string& prompt, const char * replacement = "") {
+    size_t begin, end;
+    find_image_tag_in_prompt(prompt, begin, end);
+    if (begin == std::string::npos || end == std::string::npos) {
+        return prompt;
+    }
+    auto pre = prompt.substr(0, begin);
+    auto post = prompt.substr(end + strlen(IMG_BASE64_TAG_END));
+    return pre + replacement + post;
+}
+
+struct llava_context {
+    struct clip_ctx * ctx_clip = NULL;
+    struct llama_context * ctx_llama = NULL;
+    struct llama_model * model = NULL;
+};
+
+static void print_usage(int, char ** argv) {
+    LOG("\n example usage:\n");
+    LOG("\n     %s -m <llava-v1.5-7b/ggml-model-q5_k.gguf> --mmproj <llava-v1.5-7b/mmproj-model-f16.gguf> --image <path/to/an/image.jpg> --image <path/to/another/image.jpg> [--temp 0.1] [-p \"describe the image in detail.\"]\n", argv[0]);
+    LOG("\n note: a lower temperature value like 0.1 is recommended for better quality.\n");
+}
+
+static struct llava_image_embed * load_image(llava_context * ctx_llava, common_params * params, const std::string & fname) {
+
+    // load and preprocess the image
+    llava_image_embed * embed = NULL;
+    auto prompt = params->prompt;
+    if (prompt_contains_image(prompt)) {
+        if (!params->image.empty()) {
+            LOG_INF("using base64 encoded image instead of command line image path\n");
+        }
+        embed = llava_image_embed_make_with_prompt_base64(ctx_llava->ctx_clip, params->cpuparams.n_threads, prompt);
+        if (!embed) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: can't load image from prompt\n", __func__);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        params->prompt = remove_image_from_prompt(prompt);
+    } else {
+        embed = llava_image_embed_make_with_filename(ctx_llava->ctx_clip, params->cpuparams.n_threads, fname.c_str());
+        if (!embed) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: is %s really an image file?\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return embed;
+}
+
+static void process_prompt(struct llava_context * ctx_llava, struct llava_image_embed * image_embed, common_params * params, const std::string & prompt) {
+    int n_past = 0;
+    int cur_pos_id = 0;
+
+    const int max_tgt_len = params->n_predict < 0 ? 256 : params->n_predict;
+
+    std::string system_prompt, user_prompt;
+    size_t image_pos = prompt.find("<|vision_start|>");
+    if (image_pos != std::string::npos) {
+        // new templating mode: Provide the full prompt including system message and use <image> as a placeholder for the image
+        system_prompt = prompt.substr(0, image_pos);
+        user_prompt = prompt.substr(image_pos + std::string("<|vision_pad|>").length());
+        LOG_INF("system_prompt: %s\n", system_prompt.c_str());
+        if (params->verbose_prompt) {
+            auto tmp = common_tokenize(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, system_prompt, true, true);
+            for (int i = 0; i < (int) tmp.size(); i++) {
+                LOG_INF("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], common_token_to_piece(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, tmp[i]).c_str());
+            }
+        }
+        LOG_INF("user_prompt: %s\n", user_prompt.c_str());
+        if (params->verbose_prompt) {
+            auto tmp = common_tokenize(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, user_prompt, true, true);
+            for (int i = 0; i < (int) tmp.size(); i++) {
+                LOG_INF("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], common_token_to_piece(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, tmp[i]).c_str());
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // llava-1.5 native mode
+        system_prompt = "<|im_start|>system\nYou are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n<|vision_start|>";
+        user_prompt = "<|vision_end|>" + prompt + "<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant\n";
+        if (params->verbose_prompt) {
+            auto tmp = common_tokenize(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, user_prompt, true, true);
+            for (int i = 0; i < (int) tmp.size(); i++) {
+                LOG_INF("%6d -> '%s'\n", tmp[i], common_token_to_piece(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, tmp[i]).c_str());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    eval_string(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, system_prompt.c_str(), params->n_batch, &n_past, &cur_pos_id, true);
+    if (image_embed != nullptr) {
+        auto image_size = clip_get_load_image_size(ctx_llava->ctx_clip);
+        qwen2vl_eval_image_embed(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, image_embed, params->n_batch, &n_past, &cur_pos_id, image_size);
+    }
+    eval_string(ctx_llava->ctx_llama, user_prompt.c_str(), params->n_batch, &n_past, &cur_pos_id, false);
+
+    // generate the response
+
+    LOG("\n");
+
+    struct common_sampler * smpl = common_sampler_init(ctx_llava->model, params->sampling);
+    if (!smpl) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to initialize sampling subsystem\n", __func__);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    std::string response = "";
+    for (int i = 0; i < max_tgt_len; i++) {
+        const char * tmp = sample(smpl, ctx_llava->ctx_llama, &n_past, &cur_pos_id);
+        response += tmp;
+        if (strcmp(tmp, "</s>") == 0) break;
+        if (strstr(tmp, "###")) break; // Yi-VL behavior
+        LOG("%s", tmp);
+        if (strstr(response.c_str(), "<|im_end|>")) break; // Yi-34B llava-1.6 - for some reason those decode not as the correct token (tokenizer works)
+        if (strstr(response.c_str(), "<|im_start|>")) break; // Yi-34B llava-1.6
+        if (strstr(response.c_str(), "USER:")) break; // mistral llava-1.6
+
+        fflush(stdout);
+    }
+
+    common_sampler_free(smpl);
+    LOG("\n");
+}
+
+static struct llama_model * llava_init(common_params * params) {
+    llama_backend_init();
+    llama_numa_init(params->numa);
+
+    llama_model_params model_params = common_model_params_to_llama(*params);
+
+    llama_model * model = llama_model_load_from_file(params->model.path.c_str(), model_params);
+    if (model == NULL) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: unable to load model\n" , __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return model;
+}
+
+static struct llava_context * llava_init_context(common_params * params, llama_model * model) {
+    const char * clip_path = params->mmproj.path.c_str();
+
+    auto prompt = params->prompt;
+    if (prompt.empty()) {
+        prompt = "describe the image in detail.";
+    }
+
+    auto ctx_clip = clip_model_load(clip_path, GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO);
+
+    llama_context_params ctx_params = common_context_params_to_llama(*params);
+    ctx_params.n_ctx           = params->n_ctx < 2048 ? 2048 : params->n_ctx; // we need a longer context size to process image embeddings
+
+    llama_context * ctx_llama = llama_init_from_model(model, ctx_params);
+
+    if (ctx_llama == NULL) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to create the llama_context\n" , __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    auto * ctx_llava = (struct llava_context *)malloc(sizeof(llava_context));
+
+    ctx_llava->ctx_llama = ctx_llama;
+    ctx_llava->ctx_clip = ctx_clip;
+    ctx_llava->model = model;
+    return ctx_llava;
+}
+
+static void llava_free(struct llava_context * ctx_llava) {
+    if (ctx_llava->ctx_clip) {
+        clip_free(ctx_llava->ctx_clip);
+        ctx_llava->ctx_clip = NULL;
+    }
+
+    llama_free(ctx_llava->ctx_llama);
+    llama_model_free(ctx_llava->model);
+    llama_backend_free();
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+
+static void debug_test_mrope_2d() {
+    // 1. Initialize backend
+    ggml_backend_t backend = NULL;
+    std::string backend_name = "";
+// #ifdef GGML_USE_CUDA
+//     fprintf(stderr, "%s: using CUDA backend\n", __func__);
+//     backend = ggml_backend_cuda_init(0); // init device 0
+//     backend_name = "cuda";
+//     if (!backend) {
+//         fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_backend_cuda_init() failed\n", __func__);
+//     }
+// #endif
+    // if there aren't GPU Backends fallback to CPU backend
+    if (!backend) {
+        backend = ggml_backend_cpu_init();
+        backend_name = "cpu";
+    }
+
+    // Calculate the size needed to allocate
+    size_t ctx_size = 0;
+    ctx_size += 2 * ggml_tensor_overhead(); // tensors
+    // no need to allocate anything else!
+
+    // 2. Allocate `ggml_context` to store tensor data
+    struct ggml_init_params params = {
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ ctx_size,
+        /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
+        /*.no_alloc   =*/ true, // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors()
+    };
+    struct ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(params);
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * inp_raw = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 128, 12, 30);
+    ggml_set_name(inp_raw, "inp_raw");
+    ggml_set_input(inp_raw);
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * pos = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, 30 * 4);
+    ggml_set_name(pos, "pos");
+    ggml_set_input(pos);
+
+    std::vector<float> dummy_q;
+    dummy_q.resize(128 * 12 * 30);
+    std::fill(dummy_q.begin(), dummy_q.end(), 0.1);
+    // memcpy(inp_raw->data, dummy_q.data(), 128 * 12 * 30 * ggml_element_size(inp_raw));
+
+    std::vector<int> pos_id;
+    pos_id.resize(30 * 4);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 30; i ++) {
+        pos_id[i] = i;
+        pos_id[i + 30] = i + 10;
+        pos_id[i + 60] = i + 20;
+        pos_id[i + 90] = i + 30;
+    }
+    int sections[4] = {32, 32, 0, 0};
+
+    // 4. Allocate a `ggml_backend_buffer` to store all tensors
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors(ctx, backend);
+
+    // 5. Copy tensor data from main memory (RAM) to backend buffer
+    ggml_backend_tensor_set(inp_raw, dummy_q.data(), 0, ggml_nbytes(inp_raw));
+    ggml_backend_tensor_set(pos, pos_id.data(), 0, ggml_nbytes(pos));
+
+    // 6. Create a `ggml_cgraph` for mul_mat operation
+    struct ggml_cgraph * gf = NULL;
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_cgraph = NULL;
+
+    // create a temporally context to build the graph
+    struct ggml_init_params params0 = {
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ ggml_tensor_overhead()*GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE + ggml_graph_overhead(),
+        /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
+        /*.no_alloc   =*/ true, // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph()
+    };
+    ctx_cgraph = ggml_init(params0);
+    gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx_cgraph);
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * result0 = ggml_rope_multi(
+        ctx_cgraph, inp_raw, pos, nullptr,
+        128/2, sections, LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_VISION, 32768, 1000000, 1,
+        0, 1, 32, 1);
+
+    // Add "result" tensor and all of its dependencies to the cgraph
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, result0);
+
+    // 7. Create a `ggml_gallocr` for cgraph computation
+    ggml_gallocr_t allocr = ggml_gallocr_new(ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend));
+    ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(allocr, gf);
+
+    // 9. Run the computation
+    int n_threads = 1; // Optional: number of threads to perform some operations with multi-threading
+    if (ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)) {
+        ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(backend, n_threads);
+    }
+    ggml_backend_graph_compute(backend, gf);
+
+    // 10. Retrieve results (output tensors)
+    // in this example, output tensor is always the last tensor in the graph
+    struct ggml_tensor * result = result0;
+    // struct ggml_tensor * result = gf->nodes[gf->n_nodes - 1];
+    float * result_data = (float *)malloc(ggml_nbytes(result));
+    // because the tensor data is stored in device buffer, we need to copy it back to RAM
+    ggml_backend_tensor_get(result, result_data, 0, ggml_nbytes(result));
+    const std::string bin_file = "mrope_2d_" + backend_name +".bin";
+    std::ofstream outFile(bin_file, std::ios::binary);
+
+    if (outFile.is_open()) {
+        outFile.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(result_data), ggml_nbytes(result));
+        outFile.close();
+        std::cout << "Data successfully written to " + bin_file << std::endl;
+    } else {
+        std::cerr << "Error opening file!" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    free(result_data);
+    // 11. Free memory and exit
+    ggml_free(ctx_cgraph);
+    ggml_gallocr_free(allocr);
+    ggml_free(ctx);
+    ggml_backend_buffer_free(buffer);
+    ggml_backend_free(backend);
+}
+
+enum model_output_type {
+    conv3d,
+    patch_embed,
+    patch_win_attn_scatter,
+    first_attn_layer,
+    last_attn_layer,
+    attn_softmax,
+    final_layer,
+};
+
+static void debug_dump_img_embed(struct llava_context * ctx_llava, model_output_type output_type) {
+    constexpr int ih = 140;
+    constexpr int iw = 196;
+    // constexpr int ih = 56;
+    // constexpr int iw = 56;
+    // int n_embd  = llama_model_n_embd(llama_get_model(ctx_llava->ctx_llama));
+    int n_embd  = 1280;
+    int merge = 1;
+    if (output_type == model_output_type::final_layer) {
+        n_embd  = 2048;
+        merge = 2;
+    }
+    else if (output_type == model_output_type::attn_softmax) {
+        merge = 1;
+        n_embd = (ih/14/merge) * (iw/14/merge) * 16;
+    }
+
+    int ne = (ih/14/merge) * (iw/14/merge) * n_embd;
+    float vals[iw * ih * 3];
+    // float embd[ne];
+    std::vector<float> embd;
+    embd.resize(ne);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iw*ih; i++)
+    {
+        for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++)
+            vals[i * 3 + c] = (float)i / (iw*ih);
+    }
+
+    clip_encode_float_image(ctx_llava->ctx_clip, 8, vals, ih, iw, embd.data());
+
+    std::string file_postfix = "";
+    switch (output_type)
+    {
+    case model_output_type::conv3d:
+        file_postfix = "conv3d";
+        break;
+    case model_output_type::patch_embed:
+        file_postfix = "patch_embed";
+        break;
+    case model_output_type::patch_win_attn_scatter:
+        file_postfix = "scatter";
+        break;
+    case model_output_type::first_attn_layer:
+        file_postfix = "first_attn";
+        break;
+    case model_output_type::last_attn_layer:
+        file_postfix = "last_attn";
+        break;
+    case model_output_type::attn_softmax:
+        file_postfix = "attn_softmax";
+        break;
+    case model_output_type::final_layer:
+        file_postfix = "final";
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    auto output_path = "img_embed_" + file_postfix + ".bin";
+
+    std::ofstream outFile(output_path, std::ios::binary);
+    if (outFile.is_open()) {
+        outFile.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(embd.data()), ne * sizeof(float));
+
+        outFile.close();
+        std::cout << "Data successfully written to ::[ " << output_path << std::endl;
+    } else {
+        std::cerr << "Error opening file!" << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    ggml_time_init();
+
+    common_params params;
+
+    if (!common_params_parse(argc, argv, params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA, print_usage)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    common_init();
+
+    if (params.mmproj.path.empty() || (params.image.empty() && !prompt_contains_image(params.prompt))) {
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    auto * model = llava_init(&params);
+    if (model == NULL) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to init llava model\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (prompt_contains_image(params.prompt)) {
+        auto * ctx_llava = llava_init_context(&params, model);
+
+        auto * image_embed = load_image(ctx_llava, &params, "");
+
+        // process the prompt
+        process_prompt(ctx_llava, image_embed, &params, params.prompt);
+
+        llama_perf_context_print(ctx_llava->ctx_llama);
+        llava_image_embed_free(image_embed);
+        ctx_llava->model = NULL;
+        llava_free(ctx_llava);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    } else if (params.image[0].empty()) {
+        auto ctx_llava = llava_init_context(&params, model);
+
+        // debug_test_mrope_2d();
+        debug_dump_img_embed(ctx_llava, model_output_type::final_layer);
+        // debug_dump_img_embed(ctx_llava, model_output_type::last_attn_layer);
+
+        llama_perf_context_print(ctx_llava->ctx_llama);
+        ctx_llava->model = NULL;
+        llava_free(ctx_llava);
+#endif
+    } else {
+        for (auto & image : params.image) {
+            auto * ctx_llava = llava_init_context(&params, model);
+
+            auto * image_embed = load_image(ctx_llava, &params, image);
+            if (!image_embed) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s: failed to load image %s. Terminating\n\n", __func__, image.c_str());
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            // process the prompt
+            process_prompt(ctx_llava, image_embed, &params, params.prompt);
+
+            llama_perf_context_print(ctx_llava->ctx_llama);
+            llava_image_embed_free(image_embed);
+            ctx_llava->model = NULL;
+            llava_free(ctx_llava);
+        }
+    }
+
+    llama_model_free(model);
+
+    return 0;
+}