feat(display): support nested STRUCT and ARRAY data in interactive tables

Author: shuoweil

bigframes/display/_flatten.py

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+# Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Utilities for flattening nested data structures for display."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import cast
+
+import pandas as pd
+import pyarrow as pa
+
+
+def flatten_nested_data(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, dict[str, list[int]], list[str], set[str]]:
+    """Flatten nested STRUCT and ARRAY columns for display."""
+    if dataframe.empty:
+        return dataframe.copy(), {}, [], set()
+
+    result_df = dataframe.copy()
+
+    (
+        struct_columns,
+        array_columns,
+        array_of_struct_columns,
+        clear_on_continuation_cols,
+        nested_originated_columns,
+    ) = _classify_columns(result_df)
+
+    result_df, array_columns = _flatten_array_of_struct_columns(
+        result_df, array_of_struct_columns, array_columns, nested_originated_columns
+    )
+
+    result_df, clear_on_continuation_cols = _flatten_struct_columns(
+        result_df, struct_columns, clear_on_continuation_cols, nested_originated_columns
+    )
+
+    # Now handle ARRAY columns (including the newly created ones from ARRAY of STRUCT)
+    if not array_columns:
+        return (
+            result_df,
+            {},
+            clear_on_continuation_cols,
+            nested_originated_columns,
+        )
+
+    result_df, array_row_groups = _explode_array_columns(result_df, array_columns)
+    return (
+        result_df,
+        array_row_groups,
+        clear_on_continuation_cols,
+        nested_originated_columns,
+    )
+
+
+def _classify_columns(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
+) -> tuple[list[str], list[str], list[str], list[str], set[str]]:
+    """Identify all STRUCT and ARRAY columns."""
+    initial_columns = list(dataframe.columns)
+    struct_columns: list[str] = []
+    array_columns: list[str] = []
+    array_of_struct_columns: list[str] = []
+    clear_on_continuation_cols: list[str] = []
+    nested_originated_columns: set[str] = set()
+
+    for col_name_raw, col_data in dataframe.items():
+        col_name = str(col_name_raw)
+        dtype = col_data.dtype
+        if isinstance(dtype, pd.ArrowDtype):
+            pa_type = dtype.pyarrow_dtype
+            if pa.types.is_struct(pa_type):
+                struct_columns.append(col_name)
+                nested_originated_columns.add(col_name)
+            elif pa.types.is_list(pa_type):
+                array_columns.append(col_name)
+                nested_originated_columns.add(col_name)
+                if hasattr(pa_type, "value_type") and (
+                    pa.types.is_struct(pa_type.value_type)
+                ):
+                    array_of_struct_columns.append(col_name)
+            else:
+                clear_on_continuation_cols.append(col_name)
+        elif col_name in initial_columns:
+            clear_on_continuation_cols.append(col_name)
+    return (
+        struct_columns,
+        array_columns,
+        array_of_struct_columns,
+        clear_on_continuation_cols,
+        nested_originated_columns,
+    )
+
+
+def _flatten_array_of_struct_columns(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
+    array_of_struct_columns: list[str],
+    array_columns: list[str],
+    nested_originated_columns: set[str],
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, list[str]]:
+    """Flatten ARRAY of STRUCT columns into separate array columns for each field."""
+    result_df = dataframe.copy()
+    for col_name in array_of_struct_columns:
+        col_data = result_df[col_name]
+        pa_type = cast(pd.ArrowDtype, col_data.dtype).pyarrow_dtype
+        struct_type = pa_type.value_type
+
+        # Use PyArrow to reshape the list<struct> into multiple list<field> arrays
+        arrow_array = pa.array(col_data)
+        offsets = arrow_array.offsets
+        values = arrow_array.values  # StructArray
+        flattened_fields = values.flatten()  # List[Array]
+
+        new_cols_to_add = {}
+        new_array_col_names = []
+
+        # Create new columns for each struct field
+        for field_idx in range(struct_type.num_fields):
+            field = struct_type.field(field_idx)
+            new_col_name = f"{col_name}.{field.name}"
+            nested_originated_columns.add(new_col_name)
+            new_array_col_names.append(new_col_name)
+
+            # Reconstruct ListArray for this field
+            # Use mask=arrow_array.is_null() to preserve nulls from the original list
+            new_list_array = pa.ListArray.from_arrays(
+                offsets, flattened_fields[field_idx], mask=arrow_array.is_null()
+            )
+
+            new_cols_to_add[new_col_name] = pd.Series(
+                new_list_array.to_pylist(),
+                dtype=pd.ArrowDtype(pa.list_(field.type)),
+                index=result_df.index,
+            )
+
+        col_idx = result_df.columns.to_list().index(col_name)
+        new_cols_df = pd.DataFrame(new_cols_to_add, index=result_df.index)
+
+        result_df = pd.concat(
+            [
+                result_df.iloc[:, :col_idx],
+                new_cols_df,
+                result_df.iloc[:, col_idx + 1 :],
+            ],
+            axis=1,
+        )
+
+        # Update array_columns list
+        array_columns.remove(col_name)
+        # Add the new array columns
+        array_columns.extend(new_array_col_names)
+    return result_df, array_columns
+
+
+def _explode_array_columns(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame, array_columns: list[str]
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, dict[str, list[int]]]:
+    """Explode array columns into new rows."""
+    exploded_rows = []
+    array_row_groups: dict[str, list[int]] = {}
+    non_array_columns = dataframe.columns.drop(array_columns).tolist()
+    non_array_df = dataframe[non_array_columns]
+
+    for orig_idx in dataframe.index:
+        non_array_data = non_array_df.loc[orig_idx].to_dict()
+        array_values = {}
+        max_len_in_row = 0
+        non_na_array_found = False
+
+        for col_name in array_columns:
+            val = dataframe.loc[orig_idx, col_name]
+            if val is not None and not (
+                isinstance(val, list) and len(val) == 1 and pd.isna(val[0])
+            ):
+                array_values[col_name] = list(val)
+                max_len_in_row = max(max_len_in_row, len(val))
+                non_na_array_found = True
+            else:
+                array_values[col_name] = []
+
+        if not non_na_array_found:
+            new_row = non_array_data.copy()
+            for col_name in array_columns:
+                new_row[f"{col_name}"] = pd.NA
+            exploded_rows.append(new_row)
+            orig_key = str(orig_idx)
+            if orig_key not in array_row_groups:
+                array_row_groups[orig_key] = []
+            array_row_groups[orig_key].append(len(exploded_rows) - 1)
+            continue
+
+        # Create one row per array element, up to max_len_in_row
+        for array_idx in range(max_len_in_row):
+            new_row = non_array_data.copy()
+
+            # Add the specific array element for this index
+            for col_name in array_columns:
+                if array_idx < len(array_values.get(col_name, [])):
+                    new_row[f"{col_name}"] = array_values[col_name][array_idx]
+                else:
+                    new_row[f"{col_name}"] = pd.NA
+
+            exploded_rows.append(new_row)
+
+            # Track which rows belong to which original row
+            orig_key = str(orig_idx)
+            if orig_key not in array_row_groups:
+                array_row_groups[orig_key] = []
+            array_row_groups[orig_key].append(len(exploded_rows) - 1)
+
+    if exploded_rows:
+        # Reconstruct the DataFrame to maintain original column order
+        exploded_df = pd.DataFrame(exploded_rows)[dataframe.columns]
+        for col in exploded_df.columns:
+            # After explosion, object columns that are all-numeric (except for NAs)
+            # should be converted to a numeric dtype for proper alignment.
+            if exploded_df[col].dtype == "object":
+                try:
+                    # Use nullable integer type to preserve integers
+                    exploded_df[col] = exploded_df[col].astype(pd.Int64Dtype())
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    # Fallback for non-integer numerics
+                    try:
+                        exploded_df[col] = pd.to_numeric(exploded_df[col])
+                    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                        # Keep as object if not numeric
+                        pass
+        return exploded_df, array_row_groups
+    else:
+        return dataframe, array_row_groups
+
+
+def _flatten_struct_columns(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
+    struct_columns: list[str],
+    clear_on_continuation_cols: list[str],
+    nested_originated_columns: set[str],
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, list[str]]:
+    """Flatten regular STRUCT columns."""
+    result_df = dataframe.copy()
+    for col_name in struct_columns:
+        col_data = result_df[col_name]
+        if isinstance(col_data.dtype, pd.ArrowDtype):
+            pa_type = cast(pd.ArrowDtype, col_data.dtype).pyarrow_dtype
+
+        # Use PyArrow to flatten the struct column without row iteration
+        # combine_chunks() ensures we have a single array if it was chunked
+        arrow_array = pa.array(col_data)
+        flattened_fields = arrow_array.flatten()
+
+        new_cols_to_add = {}
+        for field_idx in range(pa_type.num_fields):
+            field = pa_type.field(field_idx)
+            new_col_name = f"{col_name}.{field.name}"
+            nested_originated_columns.add(new_col_name)
+            clear_on_continuation_cols.append(new_col_name)
+
+            # Create a new Series from the flattened array
+            new_cols_to_add[new_col_name] = pd.Series(
+                flattened_fields[field_idx].to_pylist(),
+                dtype=pd.ArrowDtype(field.type),
+                index=result_df.index,
+            )
+
+        col_idx = result_df.columns.to_list().index(col_name)
+        new_cols_df = pd.DataFrame(new_cols_to_add, index=result_df.index)
+        result_df = pd.concat(
+            [
+                result_df.iloc[:, :col_idx],
+                new_cols_df,
+                result_df.iloc[:, col_idx + 1 :],
+            ],
+            axis=1,
+        )
+    return result_df, clear_on_continuation_cols