Cookbook-Enums (#798)

* Enums

* enums2

* updating edits

* one minor edit

* updating branch with code and context

* applying feedback

* Adding page to all lang

* Update website/pages/en/cookbook/_meta.js

---------

Co-authored-by: Benoît Rouleau <[email protected]>

Author: idalithb

website/pages/ar/cookbook/enums.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+---
+title: Categorize NFT Marketplaces Using Enums
+---
+
+Use Enums to make your code cleaner and less error-prone. Here's a full example of using Enums on NFT marketplaces.
+
+## What are Enums?
+
+Enums, or enumeration types, are a specific data type that allows you to define a set of specific, allowed values.
+
+### Example of Enums in Your Schema
+
+If you're building a subgraph to track the ownership history of tokens on a marketplace, each token might go through different ownerships, such as `OriginalOwner`, `SecondOwner`, and `ThirdOwner`. By using enums, you can define these specific ownerships, ensuring only predefined values are assigned.
+
+You can define enums in your schema, and once defined, you can use the string representation of the enum values to set an enum field on an entity.
+
+Here's what an enum definition might look like in your schema, based on the example above:
+
+```graphql
+enum TokenStatus {
+  OriginalOwner
+  SecondOwner
+  ThirdOwner
+}
+```
+
+This means that when you use the `TokenStatus` type in your schema, you expect it to be exactly one of predefined values: `OriginalOwner`, `SecondOwner`, or `ThirdOwner`, ensuring consistency and validity.
+
+To learn more about enums, check out [Creating a Subgraph](/developing/creating-a-subgraph/#enums) and [GraphQL documentation](https://graphql.org/learn/schema/#enumeration-types).
+
+## Benefits of Using Enums
+
+- **Clarity:** Enums provide meaningful names for values, making data easier to understand.
+- **Validation:** Enums enforce strict value definitions, preventing invalid data entries.
+- **Maintainability:** When you need to change or add new categories, enums allow you to do this in a focused manner.
+
+### Without Enums
+
+If you choose to define the type as a string instead of using an Enum, your code might look like this:
+
+```graphql
+type Token @entity {
+  id: ID!
+  tokenId: BigInt!
+  owner: Bytes! # Owner of the token
+  tokenStatus: String! # String field to track token status
+  timestamp: BigInt!
+}
+```
+
+In this schema, `TokenStatus` is a simple string with no specific, allowed values.
+
+#### Why is this a problem?
+
+- There's no restriction of `TokenStatus` values, so any string can be accidentally assigned. This makes it hard to ensure that only valid statuses like `OriginalOwner`, `SecondOwner`, or `ThirdOwner` are set.
+- It's easy to make typos such as `Orgnalowner` instead of `OriginalOwner`, making the data and potential queries unreliable.
+
+### With Enums
+
+Instead of assigning free-form strings, you can define an enum for `TokenStatus` with specific values: `OriginalOwner`, `SecondOwner`, or `ThirdOwner`. Using an enum ensures only allowed values are used.
+
+Enums provide type safety, minimize typo risks, and ensure consistent and reliable results.
+
+## Defining Enums for NFT Marketplaces
+
+> Note: The following guide uses the CryptoCoven NFT smart contract.
+
+To define enums for the various marketplaces where NFTs are traded, use the following in your subgraph schema:
+
+```gql
+# Enum for Marketplaces that the CryptoCoven contract interacted with(likely a Trade/Mint)
+enum Marketplace {
+  OpenSeaV1 # Represents when a CryptoCoven NFT is traded on the marketplace
+  OpenSeaV2 # Represents when a CryptoCoven NFT is traded on the OpenSeaV2 marketplace
+  SeaPort # Represents when a CryptoCoven NFT is traded on the SeaPort marketplace
+  LooksRare # Represents when a CryptoCoven NFT is traded on the LookRare marketplace
+  # ...and other marketplaces
+}
+```
+
+## Using Enums for NFT Marketplaces
+
+Once defined, enums can be used throughout your subgraph to categorize transactions or events.
+
+For example, when logging NFT sales, you can specify the marketplace involved in the trade using the enum.
+
+### Implementing a Function for NFT Marketplaces
+
+Here's how you can implement a function to retrieve the marketplace name from the enum as a string:
+
+```ts
+export function getMarketplaceName(marketplace: Marketplace): string {
+  // Using if-else statements to map the enum value to a string
+  if (marketplace === Marketplace.OpenSeaV1) {
+    return 'OpenSeaV1' // If the marketplace is OpenSea, return its string representation
+  } else if (marketplace === Marketplace.OpenSeaV2) {
+    return 'OpenSeaV2'
+  } else if (marketplace === Marketplace.SeaPort) {
+    return 'SeaPort' // If the marketplace is SeaPort, return its string representation
+  } else if (marketplace === Marketplace.LooksRare) {
+    return 'LooksRare' // If the marketplace is LooksRare, return its string representation
+    // ... and other market places
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Best Practices for Using Enums
+
+- **Consistent Naming:** Use clear, descriptive names for enum values to improve readability.
+- **Centralized Management:** Keep enums in a single file for consistency. This makes enums easier to update and ensures they are the single source of truth.
+- **Documentation:** Add comments to enum to clarify their purpose and usage.
+
+## Using Enums in Queries
+
+Enums in queries help you improve data quality and make your results easier to interpret. They function as filters and response elements, ensuring consistency and reducing errors in marketplace values.
+
+**Specifics**
+
+- **Filtering with Enums:** Enums provide clear filters, allowing you to confidently include or exclude specific marketplaces.
+- **Enums in Responses:** Enums guarantee that only recognized marketplace names are returned, making the results standardized and accurate.
+
+### Sample Queries
+
+#### Query 1: Account With The Highest NFT Marketplace Interactions
+
+This query does the following:
+
+- It finds the account with the highest unique NFT marketplace interactions, which is great for analyzing cross-marketplace activity.
+- The marketplaces field uses the marketplace enum, ensuring consistent and validated marketplace values in the response.
+
+```gql
+{
+  accounts(first: 1, orderBy: uniqueMarketplacesCount, orderDirection: desc) {
+    id
+    sendCount
+    receiveCount
+    totalSpent
+    uniqueMarketplacesCount
+    marketplaces {
+      marketplace # This field returns the enum value representing the marketplace
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Returns
+
+This response provides account details and a list of unique marketplace interactions with enum values for standardized clarity:
+
+```gql
+{
+  "data": {
+    "accounts": [
+      {
+        "id": "0xb3abc96cb9a61576c03c955d75b703a890a14aa0",
+        "sendCount": "44",
+        "receiveCount": "44",
+        "totalSpent": "1197500000000000000",
+        "uniqueMarketplacesCount": "7",
+        "marketplaces": [
+          {
+            "marketplace": "OpenSeaV1"
+          },
+          {
+            "marketplace": "OpenSeaV2"
+          },
+          {
+            "marketplace": "GenieSwap"
+          },
+          {
+            "marketplace": "CryptoCoven"
+          },
+          {
+            "marketplace": "Unknown"
+          },
+          {
+            "marketplace": "LooksRare"
+          },
+          {
+            "marketplace": "NFTX"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Query 2: Most Active Marketplace for CryptoCoven transactions
+
+This query does the following:
+
+- It identifies the marketplace with the highest volume of CryptoCoven transactions.
+- It uses the marketplace enum to ensure that only valid marketplace types appear in the response, adding reliability and consistency to your data.
+
+```gql
+{
+  marketplaceInteractions(first: 1, orderBy: transactionCount, orderDirection: desc) {
+    marketplace
+    transactionCount
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Result 2
+
+The expected response includes the marketplace and the corresponding transaction count, using the enum to indicate the marketplace type:
+
+```gql
+{
+  "data": {
+    "marketplaceInteractions": [
+      {
+        "marketplace": "Unknown",
+        "transactionCount": "222"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Query 3: Marketplace Interactions with High Transaction Counts
+
+This query does the following:
+
+- It retrieves the top four marketplaces with over 100 transactions, excluding "Unknown" marketplaces.
+- It uses enums as filters to ensure that only valid marketplace types are included, increasing accuracy.
+
+```gql
+{
+  marketplaceInteractions(
+    first: 4
+    orderBy: transactionCount
+    orderDirection: desc
+    where: { transactionCount_gt: "100", marketplace_not: "Unknown" }
+  ) {
+    marketplace
+    transactionCount
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Result 3
+
+Expected output includes the marketplaces that meet the criteria, each represented by an enum value:
+
+```gql
+{
+  "data": {
+    "marketplaceInteractions": [
+      {
+        "marketplace": "NFTX",
+        "transactionCount": "201"
+      },
+      {
+        "marketplace": "OpenSeaV1",
+        "transactionCount": "148"
+      },
+      {
+        "marketplace": "CryptoCoven",
+        "transactionCount": "117"
+      },
+      {
+        "marketplace": "OpenSeaV1",
+        "transactionCount": "111"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+For additional information, check out this guide's [repo](https://github.com/chidubemokeke/Subgraph-Tutorial-Enums).