diff --git a/benchmark/fixtures.js b/benchmark/fixtures.js
index d057a80526..d665e552d0 100644
--- a/benchmark/fixtures.js
+++ b/benchmark/fixtures.js
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ exports.bigSchemaSDL = fs.readFileSync(
   'utf8',
 );
 
+exports.bigDocument = fs.readFileSync(
+  path.join(__dirname, 'kitchen-sink.graphql'),
+  'utf8',
+);
+
 exports.bigSchemaIntrospectionResult = JSON.parse(
   fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, 'github-schema.json'), 'utf8'),
 );
diff --git a/benchmark/kitchen-sink.graphql b/benchmark/kitchen-sink.graphql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1bb2d8038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kitchen-sink.graphql
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2015-present, Facebook, Inc.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+query queryName($foo: ComplexType, $site: Site = MOBILE) @onQuery {
+  whoever123is: node(id: [123, 456]) {
+    id
+    ... on User @onInlineFragment {
+      field2 {
+        id
+        alias: field1(first: 10, after: $foo) @include(if: $foo) {
+          id
+          ...frag @onFragmentSpread
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ... @skip(unless: $foo) {
+      id
+    }
+    ... {
+      id
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+mutation likeStory @onMutation {
+  like(story: 123) @onField {
+    story {
+      id @onField
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+subscription StoryLikeSubscription($input: StoryLikeSubscribeInput)
+@onSubscription {
+  storyLikeSubscribe(input: $input) {
+    story {
+      likers {
+        count
+      }
+      likeSentence {
+        text
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fragment frag on Friend @onFragmentDefinition {
+  foo(
+    size: $site
+    bar: 12
+    obj: {
+      key: "value"
+      block: """
+      block string uses \"""
+      """
+    }
+  )
+}
+
+query teeny {
+  unnamed(truthy: true, falsey: false, nullish: null)
+  query
+}
+
+query tiny {
+  __typename
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/printer-benchmark.js b/benchmark/printer-benchmark.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efe5d46e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/printer-benchmark.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const { parse } = require('graphql/language/parser.js');
+const { print } = require('graphql/language/printer.js');
+
+const { bigDocument } = require('./fixtures.js');
+
+const document = parse(bigDocument);
+
+module.exports = {
+  name: 'Print kitchen-sink query',
+  count: 1000,
+  measure() {
+    print(document);
+  },
+};
diff --git a/cspell.yml b/cspell.yml
index ff26b0902b..8382683188 100644
--- a/cspell.yml
+++ b/cspell.yml
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ words:
   # TODO: contribute upstream
   - deno
   - codecov
+  - falsey
 
   # Website tech
   - Nextra
diff --git a/src/language/printer.ts b/src/language/printer.ts
index e95c118d8b..1eb690ca8c 100644
--- a/src/language/printer.ts
+++ b/src/language/printer.ts
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   OperationDefinition: {
     leave(node) {
       const varDefs = wrap('(', join(node.variableDefinitions, ', '), ')');
-      const prefix = join(
+      const prefix = maybeJoin(
         [
           node.operation,
-          join([node.name, varDefs]),
+          maybeJoin([node.name, varDefs]),
           join(node.directives, ' '),
         ],
         ' ',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
         argsLine = prefix + wrap('(\n', indent(join(args, '\n')), '\n)');
       }
 
-      return join([argsLine, join(directives, ' '), selectionSet], ' ');
+      return maybeJoin([argsLine, join(directives, ' '), selectionSet], ' ');
     },
   },
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
 
   InlineFragment: {
     leave: ({ typeCondition, directives, selectionSet }) =>
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [
           '...',
           wrap('on ', typeCondition),
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   SchemaDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, directives, operationTypes }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(['schema', join(directives, ' '), block(operationTypes)], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(['schema', join(directives, ' '), block(operationTypes)], ' '),
   },
 
   OperationTypeDefinition: {
@@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   ScalarTypeDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, directives }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(['scalar', name, join(directives, ' ')], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(['scalar', name, join(directives, ' ')], ' '),
   },
 
   ObjectTypeDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, interfaces, directives, fields }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [
           'type',
           name,
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   InputValueDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, type, defaultValue, directives }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [name + ': ' + type, wrap('= ', defaultValue), join(directives, ' ')],
         ' ',
       ),
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   InterfaceTypeDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, interfaces, directives, fields }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [
           'interface',
           name,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   UnionTypeDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, directives, types }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         ['union', name, join(directives, ' '), wrap('= ', join(types, ' | '))],
         ' ',
       ),
@@ -213,18 +213,19 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
   EnumTypeDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, directives, values }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(['enum', name, join(directives, ' '), block(values)], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(['enum', name, join(directives, ' '), block(values)], ' '),
   },
 
   EnumValueDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, directives }) =>
-      wrap('', description, '\n') + join([name, join(directives, ' ')], ' '),
+      wrap('', description, '\n') +
+      maybeJoin([name, join(directives, ' ')], ' '),
   },
 
   InputObjectTypeDefinition: {
     leave: ({ description, name, directives, fields }) =>
       wrap('', description, '\n') +
-      join(['input', name, join(directives, ' '), block(fields)], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(['input', name, join(directives, ' '), block(fields)], ' '),
   },
 
   DirectiveDefinition: {
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
 
   SchemaExtension: {
     leave: ({ directives, operationTypes }) =>
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         ['extend schema', join(directives, ' '), block(operationTypes)],
         ' ',
       ),
@@ -250,12 +251,12 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
 
   ScalarTypeExtension: {
     leave: ({ name, directives }) =>
-      join(['extend scalar', name, join(directives, ' ')], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(['extend scalar', name, join(directives, ' ')], ' '),
   },
 
   ObjectTypeExtension: {
     leave: ({ name, interfaces, directives, fields }) =>
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [
           'extend type',
           name,
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
 
   InterfaceTypeExtension: {
     leave: ({ name, interfaces, directives, fields }) =>
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [
           'extend interface',
           name,
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
 
   UnionTypeExtension: {
     leave: ({ name, directives, types }) =>
-      join(
+      maybeJoin(
         [
           'extend union',
           name,
@@ -296,12 +297,18 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
 
   EnumTypeExtension: {
     leave: ({ name, directives, values }) =>
-      join(['extend enum', name, join(directives, ' '), block(values)], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(
+        ['extend enum', name, join(directives, ' '), block(values)],
+        ' ',
+      ),
   },
 
   InputObjectTypeExtension: {
     leave: ({ name, directives, fields }) =>
-      join(['extend input', name, join(directives, ' '), block(fields)], ' '),
+      maybeJoin(
+        ['extend input', name, join(directives, ' '), block(fields)],
+        ' ',
+      ),
   },
 };
 
@@ -309,17 +316,47 @@ const printDocASTReducer: ASTReducer<string> = {
  * Given maybeArray, print an empty string if it is null or empty, otherwise
  * print all items together separated by separator if provided
  */
-function join(
-  maybeArray: Maybe<ReadonlyArray<string | undefined>>,
+function maybeJoin(
+  maybeArray: ReadonlyArray<string | undefined>,
   separator = '',
 ): string {
-  return maybeArray?.filter((x) => x).join(separator) ?? '';
+  const list = maybeArray.filter((x) => x);
+  const listLength = list.length;
+  let result = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < listLength; i++) {
+    if (i === listLength - 1) {
+      result += list[i];
+    } else {
+      result += list[i] + separator;
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function join(
+  list: ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined,
+  separator: string,
+): string {
+  if (!list) {
+    return '';
+  }
+  const listLength = list.length;
+  let result = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < listLength; i++) {
+    if (i === listLength - 1) {
+      result += list[i];
+    } else {
+      result += list[i] + separator;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
 }
 
 /**
  * Given array, print each item on its own line, wrapped in an indented `{ }` block.
  */
-function block(array: Maybe<ReadonlyArray<string | undefined>>): string {
+function block(array: ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined): string {
   return wrap('{\n', indent(join(array, '\n')), '\n}');
 }
 
diff --git a/src/language/visitor.ts b/src/language/visitor.ts
index daf96497bf..1e0c56e4a8 100644
--- a/src/language/visitor.ts
+++ b/src/language/visitor.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ type KindVisitor = {
     | EnterLeaveVisitor<NodeT>;
 };
 
+const ALL_KINDS = Object.values(Kind);
+
 interface EnterLeaveVisitor<TVisitedNode extends ASTNode> {
   readonly enter?: ASTVisitFn<TVisitedNode>;
   readonly leave?: ASTVisitFn<TVisitedNode>;
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ export function visit(
   visitorKeys: ASTVisitorKeyMap = QueryDocumentKeys,
 ): any {
   const enterLeaveMap = new Map<Kind, EnterLeaveVisitor<ASTNode>>();
-  for (const kind of Object.values(Kind)) {
+  for (const kind of ALL_KINDS) {
     enterLeaveMap.set(kind, getEnterLeaveForKind(visitor, kind));
   }
 
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ export function visit(
   do {
     index++;
     const isLeaving = index === keys.length;
-    const isEdited = isLeaving && edits.length !== 0;
+    const isEdited = edits.length !== 0;
     if (isLeaving) {
       key = ancestors.length === 0 ? undefined : path[path.length - 1];
       node = parent;
@@ -222,10 +224,7 @@ export function visit(
             }
           }
         } else {
-          node = Object.defineProperties(
-            {},
-            Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(node),
-          );
+          node = { ...node };
           for (const [editKey, editValue] of edits) {
             node[editKey] = editValue;
           }
@@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ export function visit(
       } else if (result !== undefined) {
         edits.push([key, result]);
         if (!isLeaving) {
-          if (isNode(result)) {
+          if (isNode(result) && result !== node) {
             node = result;
           } else {
             path.pop();