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<h3class="title is-5">🧠 Implications for Cognitive AI</h3>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Emergent Congruency:</strong> The classic Stroop and Flanker effects emerge even in untrained models, suggesting interference control arises from foundational pretraining dynamics.</li>
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<li><strong>Limits of Scaling:</strong> Even 110B-parameter models fail on deeply nested conflicts, pointing to architectural or training regime bottlenecks beyond sheer size.</li>
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<li><strong>Shared Control Mechanisms:</strong> Strong correlations between letter- and number-Flanker scores (r = 0.96) support the idea of a unified control construct within VLMs.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3class="title is-5">🔍 Open Questions</h3>
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<li>How do specific aspects of pretraining data influence the emergence of conflict control?</li>
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<li>What inductive biases or training interventions are needed to overcome hierarchical interference?</li>
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<li>Can VLMs develop temporally extended control structures analogous to executive functions?</li>
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