-DEKK refers to four charged substitutions (D:Asp, E:Glu, K:Lys) that were introduced into the Fc domains of the antibody. The HADDOCK software, developed in the Bonvin group at Utrecht Univerisity, was originally used, more than 10 years ago, to design and test those substitutions. HADDOCK was used in its refinement mode, to obtain the HADDOCK scores of the various combinations. This led to a number of candidates that favored the asymmetric assemblies of the heavy chains over the symmetric ones. These were extensively characterized by a battery of biochemical and biophysical methods (including extensive mass spectrometry studies by the [Albert Heck's group](https://www.uu.nl/staff/AJRHeck){:target="_blank"} in Utrecht) leading ultimately to the patented DEKK version. The general approach and the crystal structure of the DEKK antibody Fc domains was published in 2017 in the Journal of Biological Chemistry (De Nardis et al. 2017) (PDB entry [5NSC](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/5nsc){:target="_blank"}) (a collaboration with [Piet Gros' group](https://www.uu.nl/staff/PGros){:target="_blank"} in Utrecht).
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