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content/en/blog/back-to-the-future-retrospectively-harmonizing-questionnaire-data.md

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An alternative approach is to apply retrospective harmonisation at the item-level. Although questionnaires can differ considerably on the number and nature of questions asked, there is often considerable overlap at the [semantic](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/semantic-text-matching-with-deep-learning-transformer-models)/content level. Let’s return to our earlier example of depression. Although there are many different questionnaires that can be used to assess this experience, they often ask the same types of questions. Below is an example of content overlap in two of the most common measures of psychological [distress](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/how-far-can-we-go-with-harmony-testing-on-kufungisisa-a-cultural-concept-of-distress-from-zimbabwe) used in children, the Revised Children’s [Anxiety](/harmonisation-validation/patient-reported-outcome-measure-information-system-promis-anxiety-subscale) and Depression Scale (RCADS), and the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ).
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{{< image src="images/blog/blog-pic-1.png" alt="img" >}}
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By identifying, recoding, and testing the equivalence of subsets of [items](/item-harmonisation/harmony-a-free-ai-tool-for-longitudinal-study-in-psychology) from different questionnaires (for guidelines see our previous report), researchers can derive harmonised sub-scales that are directly comparable across studies. Our group has previously used this approach to study [trends in mental health](/ai-in-mental-health/) across different generations (Gondek et al., 2021), and examine how socio-economic deprivation impacted adolescent mental health across different [cohorts](/item-harmonisation/harmony-a-free-ai-tool-for-cross-cohort-research) (McElroy et al., 2022).
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content/en/blog/data-harmonisation-tools-frameworks.md

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If you collected data using two questionnaires, such as GAD-7 and Becks Anxiety Inventory as in the below image, you would need to harmonise the datasets, by identifying correspondences between variables (the arrow in the image)
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{{< image src="images/GAD-7-vs-Becks.drawio-min.png" alt="dog" title="dog" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/GAD-7-vs-Becks.drawio-min.png" alt="dog" title="dog" >}}
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*Data harmonisation of GAD-7 and Becks Anxiety Inventory - this is what a data harmonisation tool such as Harmony would produce.*
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content/en/blog/harmony-cran.md

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We encourage you to try Harmony and let us know what you think! You can also follow us on Twitter @harmonydata for updates.
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{{< image src="images/cran.png" alt="cran" title="cran" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/cran.png" alt="cran" title="cran" >}}
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## Are you excited to use Harmony to harmonise your instruments?

content/en/blog/harmony-going-forward-5-things-implementation-science-has-taught-us-to-focus-on.md

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The successful implementation and [sustainability](/making-harmony-sustainable-long-term/) of digital products developed through research grant funding, has been shockingly low. We have seen this especially in the digital mental health field, where thousands of apps and platforms have been developed and only very few have been implemented and sustained in the wild. From this line of [research](https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/psychiatry/implementing-digital-mental-health-interventions/#ref16) and [my own work with colleagues](https://www.jmir.org/2022/11/e40347) I know that innovation and effectiveness alone are not sufficient to secure real-world adoption .
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{{< image src="images/blog/noah-buscher-x8ZStukS2PM-unsplash-1536x880.jpg" alt=" noah buscher" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/blog/noah-buscher-x8ZStukS2PM-unsplash-1536x880.jpg" alt=" noah buscher" >}}
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So how can we maximise the uptake and implementation of Harmony to give it a longer shelf-life? I’ll draw on the field of implementation science[[i\]](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/harmony-going-forward-5-things-implementation-science-has-taught-us-to-focus-on/#_edn1) which provides useful insights and [frameworks](https://implementationscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1748-5908-8-139#Abs1) on share some reflections on how this could be done and what we and our fellow teams may want to focus on at this stage.
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We wish all remaining [Wellcome](/ai-in-mental-health/radio-podcast-about-wellcome-data-prize) Mental Health Data Prize teams a great start into the next stage. We are beyond excited.
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{{< image src="images/blog/kelsey-knight-SFRw5GChoLA-unsplash-1-1536x1024.jpg" alt="kelsey knight" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/blog/kelsey-knight-SFRw5GChoLA-unsplash-1-1536x1024.jpg" alt="kelsey knight" >}}
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[[i\]](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/harmony-going-forward-5-things-implementation-science-has-taught-us-to-focus-on/#_ednref1) defined as the study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and evidence-based practices

content/en/blog/harmony-multilingual.md

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I evaluated Harmony's ability to match the [GAD-7](https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/GAD-7_Anxiety-updated_0.pdf) in 11 languages to the English version. I found that Harmony was able to achieve >95% AUC for 7 of the 11 non-English languages.
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{{< image src="images/multilingual_aucs.png" alt="Multilingual AUCs" title="Multilingual AUCs" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/multilingual_aucs.png" alt="Multilingual AUCs" title="Multilingual AUCs" >}}
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You can follow my working [in the `experiments` repo in our Github](https://github.com/harmonydata/experiments/blob/main/README.md).
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{{< image src="images/multilingual_gad.png" alt="Multilingual GAD-7" title="Multilingual GAD-7" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/multilingual_gad.png" alt="Multilingual GAD-7" title="Multilingual GAD-7" >}}
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## More about Harmony
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If you are interested in using Harmony or learning more about it, please visit [the Harmony website](https://harmonydata.ac.uk) or [contact us](/contact). We would love to hear from you and [get your feedback](/open-source-for-social-science/what-features-would-you-like-to-see-in-harmony/) on our [tool](/psychology-ai-tool/).
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{{< image src="images/reiwa.svg" alt="Reiwa in Japanese" title="Reiwa in Japanese" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/reiwa.svg" alt="Reiwa in Japanese" title="Reiwa in Japanese" >}}
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_The Japanese characters above are pronounced "reiwa" and mean "beautiful harmony". [Reiwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiwa_era) is the name of the current era in the Japanese official calendar, corresponding to Emperor Naruhito's reign as 126th Emperor of Japan, which began in 2019. The second character, [](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C), signifies "peaceful" or "harmonious" in both Chinese and Japanese. In Chinese it's pronounced "hé", and in Japanese, "wa", as well as many other pronunciations._

content/en/blog/harmony_r_example.md

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If you open the CSV generated, you can see the complete matrix. You can also open in Excel.
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{{< image src="images/csv_screenshot.png" alt="CSV screenshot" title="CSV screenshot" >}}
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content/en/blog/harmony_social_media.md

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We've added Firebase authentication to Harmony. You can log in with Google, Github or Twitter, and then you can see all your previous harmonisation work.
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{{< image src="images/login.png" alt="login" title="login" >}}
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You can even share your work with colleagues on LinkedIn, Twitter, or via URL.
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{{< image src="images/share_dialog.png" alt="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn" >}}
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You'll then be taken to the dialogue box in your chosen platform, where you can share your work as normal.
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content/en/blog/how-does-harmony-work.md

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## Introduction to natural language processing: the Bag of Words
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There are a number of approaches to quantify the [similarity](https://fastdatascience.com/finding-similar-documents-nlp) between strings of text. The simplest approach is known as the Bag-of-Words approach. This is *not* how Harmony currently works, but it is one of the first things we tried!
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- It won’t notice negation (*I was not happy* and *I was very happy* both equally match *you were happy*).
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- Most crucially, our remit for the Harmony [project](https://fastdatascience.com/starting-a-data-science-project) is that we want to harmonise data from different [languages](/psychology-ai-tool/harmony-many-languages/), such as Portuguese and English. Clearly the bag-of-words approach would not work when the texts are in different languages, unless you translated them first.
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## Vector spaces
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The next approach that we tried was a vector space model.
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Vector space models allow us to represent words and concepts as numbers or points on a graph. For example, if *anxious* could be (2, 3), *worried* is (3, 4) and *relax* is (8, 2). The coordinates of each [concept](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/how-far-can-we-go-with-harmony-testing-on-kufungisisa-a-cultural-concept-of-distress-from-zimbabwe) are themselves meaningless, but if we calculate the distance between them we would see that *anxious* and *worried* are closer to each other than either is to *relax*.
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{{< image src="images/blog/Word-vectors.drawio-min-1536x836.png" alt="Word vectors" >}}
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{{< image src="/images/blog/Word-vectors.drawio-min-1536x836.png" alt="Word vectors" >}}
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It’s important to note that the values of the vectors are completely arbitrary. There’s no meaning at all to where a concept is assigned on the *x* or *y* axes, but there is meaning in the distances.
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Now we have a way to handle synonyms. This approach is called *word vector embeddings*
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Some real word vector values for terms occurring in our data. Typically the vectors are large, potentially up to 500 dimensions.
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Word vector embeddings became popular in 2013 after the Czech computer scientist Tomáš Mikolov [proposed a way that an AI can generate vectors](https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.4546) for every word in the English language simply from a huge set of documents.
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{{< image src="images/blog/newplot-28-min.png" alt="newplot" >}}
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To visualise the word vectors, we can squash them down into two or three dimensions. This is a 2D visualisation of the terms in the table above. I used an algorithm called [t-SNE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding) to squash them into a flat surface.
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With the Harmony data, I found that the vector space models did not correctly identify the relationship between *child bullies others* and *child is bullied by others* – which are clearly very different questions and should not be harmonised together.
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## Transformer models
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As an aside, transformers can also be used for machine translation (in fact Google Translate now uses transformers), and this attention enables a noun+adjective phrase to be translated to another language with the correct gender.
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{{< image src="/images/blog/English-Portuguese-translations.drawio.png" alt="English Portuguese translations" >}}
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The distance between any two questions is measured according to the cosine similarity metric between the two vectors. Two questions which are similar in meaning, even if worded differently or in different languages, will have a high degree of similarity between their vector representations. Questions which are very different tend to be far apart in the vector space.
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## Converting to a network graph
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Because this approach is potentially error-prone, we have provided the facility for a user to edit the network graph and add and remove edges if they disagree with Harmony’s decisions.
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The user has an option to add or remove edges from the graph.
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content/en/blog/how-far-can-we-go-with-harmony-testing-on-kufungisisa-a-cultural-concept-of-distress-from-zimbabwe.md

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> Zvaita sei kuti chembere yorasika, bere rorutsa imvi? (How is it that the old woman is missing and the hyena is vomiting grey hairs?)
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> Shona proverb (similar to English “there’s no smoke without fire”)
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Although English is the best-resource language for [natural language processing](https://naturallanguageprocessing.com/), [multilingual NLP techniques](https://fastdatascience.com/multilingual-natural-language-processing/) are catching up even for lower-resourced [languages](/psychology-ai-tool/harmony-many-languages/). There exist some [NLP](https://fastdatascience.com/portfolio/nlp-consultant/) [models](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/semantic-text-matching-with-deep-learning-transformer-models) for Shona. I used the sentence [transformer](https://harmonydata.ac.uk/how-does-harmony-work) model `Davlan/xlm-roberta-base-finetuned-shona` which is a modification of ROBERTA trained on Shona texts[7]. I plugged one into Harmony and tried to match the [Shona symptom questionnaire for the detection of depression and anxiety](https://depts.washington.edu/edgh/zw/hit/web/project-resources/shona_symptom_questionnaire.pdf), which is used in Zimbabwe[6].
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Above: the text of the Shona symptom questionnaire for the detection of depression and anxiety.
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My model’s output is below:
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Harmony and the Shona transformer model matched the question about “kufungisisa” to GHQ-12 question 1 “been able to concentrate on whatever you’re doing?” which seems approximately OK. However, I would need a Shona native speaker to validate my results.

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