diff --git a/chapter1.tex b/chapter1.tex index 71e911f..b3153d9 100644 --- a/chapter1.tex +++ b/chapter1.tex @@ -267,23 +267,26 @@ \subsection{\textsection2. Functions between sets} \begin{solution} A function $f:A\to B$ is an \textit{epimorphism} if and only if for all sets $Z$ - and all functions $b':Z\to B$, there is a function $a':Z\to A$ such that $f\circ - a' = b'$. Now we will show that $f$ is a surjection if and only if it is an - epimorphism. + and all functions $\beta',\beta'':B\to Z$, if $\beta'\circ f = \beta''\circ f$, + then $\beta' = \beta''$. Now we will show that $f$ is a surjection if and only if + it is an epimorphism. ($\implies$) Suppose that $f:A\to B$ is surjective. Let $Z$ be a set and - $b':Z\to B$ a function. We need to construct a function $a':Z\to A$ such that - $f\circ a' = b'$. Fix $z\in Z$. Suppose $b=b'(z)\in B$. Since $b\in B$ and $f$ - is surjective, there exists an $a\in A$ such $f(a) = b$. Now, define $a'(z) = - a$ this way for each $z\in Z$. Then $f\circ a'(z) = b'(z)$ for all $z\in Z$, so - $f\circ a' = b'$. Hence $f$ is an epimorphism. + $\beta',\beta'':B\to Z$ be functions such that $\beta'\circ f = \beta''\circ f$. + We need to show that $\beta' = \beta''$. Let $b\in B$. Since $f$ is surjective, + there exists an $a\in A$ such that $f(a) = b$. Then $\beta'(b) = \beta'(f(a)) = + (\beta'\circ f)(a) = (\beta''\circ f)(a) = \beta''(f(a)) = \beta''(b)$. Since + $b\in B$ was arbitrary, $\beta' = \beta''$. Hence $f$ is an epimorphism. - ($\impliedby$) Suppose that $f$ is an epimorphism. Let $b':B\to B$ be a - bijection. Since $f$ is an epimophism, there is a function $a':B\to A$ such that - $f\circ a' = b'$. Let $b\in B$. Since $b'$ is a bijection, there is a unique - element $y\in B$ such that $b'(y) = b$. Furthermore, we have that $(f\circ - a')(y) = b$. In other words, $a = a'(y)$ is an element in $a$ such that $f(a) = - b$. Hence $f$ is surjective, as required. + ($\impliedby$) Suppose that $f$ is an epimorphism. We need to show that $f$ is + surjective. Let $Z = \{0,1\}$ be a two-element set. Define $\beta':B\to Z$ by + $\beta'(b) = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if } b\in \im(f) \\ 1 & \text{if } b\notin + \im(f) \end{cases}$ and define $\beta'':B\to Z$ by $\beta''(b) = 0$ for all $b\in + B$. Note that for any $a\in A$, we have $f(a)\in\im(f)$, so $\beta'(f(a)) = 0 = + \beta''(f(a))$. Thus $\beta'\circ f = \beta''\circ f$. Since $f$ is an + epimorphism, we have $\beta' = \beta''$. This means that $\beta'(b) = 0$ for all + $b\in B$, which implies that $b\in\im(f)$ for all $b\in B$. Therefore $\im(f) = + B$, so $f$ is surjective. \end{solution}