diff --git a/c-ext/backend_c.c b/c-ext/backend_c.c
index 5c273043..23aa98a9 100644
--- a/c-ext/backend_c.c
+++ b/c-ext/backend_c.c
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ size_t roundpow2(size_t i) {
 int safe_pybytes_resize(PyObject **obj, Py_ssize_t size) {
     PyObject *tmp;
 
-    if (Py_REFCNT(*obj) == 1) {
+    if (PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(*obj)) {
         return _PyBytes_Resize(obj, size);
     }
 
diff --git a/c-ext/pythoncapi_compat.h b/c-ext/pythoncapi_compat.h
index 450d7ed6..d14e90f6 100644
--- a/c-ext/pythoncapi_compat.h
+++ b/c-ext/pythoncapi_compat.h
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-// Header file providing new functions of the Python C API to old Python
-// versions.
+// Header file providing new C API functions to old Python versions.
 //
-// File distributed under the MIT license.
+// File distributed under the Zero Clause BSD (0BSD) license.
+// Copyright Contributors to the pythoncapi_compat project.
 //
 // Homepage:
-// https://github.com/pythoncapi/pythoncapi_compat
+// https://github.com/python/pythoncapi_compat
 //
 // Latest version:
-// https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pythoncapi/pythoncapi_compat/master/pythoncapi_compat.h
+// https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python/pythoncapi-compat/main/pythoncapi_compat.h
 //
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: 0BSD
 
 #ifndef PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT
 #define PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT
@@ -19,25 +19,43 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #include <Python.h>
-#include "frameobject.h"          // PyFrameObject, PyFrame_GetBack()
+#include <stddef.h>               // offsetof()
 
+// Python 3.11.0b4 added PyFrame_Back() to Python.h
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030b00B4 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+#  include "frameobject.h"        // PyFrameObject, PyFrame_GetBack()
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A3
+#  include <structmember.h>       // T_SHORT, READONLY
+#endif
 
-// Compatibility with Visual Studio 2013 and older which don't support
-// the inline keyword in C (only in C++): use __inline instead.
-#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1900 \
-     && !defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(inline))
-#  define inline __inline
-#  define PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_MSC_INLINE
-   // These two macros are undefined at the end of this file
+
+#ifndef _Py_CAST
+#  define _Py_CAST(type, expr) ((type)(expr))
 #endif
 
+// Static inline functions should use _Py_NULL rather than using directly NULL
+// to prevent C++ compiler warnings. On C23 and newer and on C++11 and newer,
+// _Py_NULL is defined as nullptr.
+#ifndef _Py_NULL
+#  if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ > 201710L) \
+          || (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103)
+#    define _Py_NULL nullptr
+#  else
+#    define _Py_NULL NULL
+#  endif
+#endif
 
 // Cast argument to PyObject* type.
 #ifndef _PyObject_CAST
-#  define _PyObject_CAST(op) ((PyObject*)(op))
+#  define _PyObject_CAST(op) _Py_CAST(PyObject*, op)
 #endif
-#ifndef _PyObject_CAST_CONST
-#  define _PyObject_CAST_CONST(op) ((const PyObject*)(op))
+
+#ifndef Py_BUILD_ASSERT
+#  define Py_BUILD_ASSERT(cond) \
+        do { \
+            (void)sizeof(char [1 - 2 * !(cond)]); \
+        } while(0)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -73,10 +91,46 @@ static inline void _Py_SET_REFCNT(PyObject *ob, Py_ssize_t refcnt)
 #endif
 
 
+// Py_SETREF() and Py_XSETREF() were added to Python 3.5.2.
+// It is excluded from the limited C API.
+#if (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050200 && !defined(Py_SETREF)) && !defined(Py_LIMITED_API)
+#define Py_SETREF(dst, src)                                     \
+    do {                                                        \
+        PyObject **_tmp_dst_ptr = _Py_CAST(PyObject**, &(dst)); \
+        PyObject *_tmp_dst = (*_tmp_dst_ptr);                   \
+        *_tmp_dst_ptr = _PyObject_CAST(src);                    \
+        Py_DECREF(_tmp_dst);                                    \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define Py_XSETREF(dst, src)                                    \
+    do {                                                        \
+        PyObject **_tmp_dst_ptr = _Py_CAST(PyObject**, &(dst)); \
+        PyObject *_tmp_dst = (*_tmp_dst_ptr);                   \
+        *_tmp_dst_ptr = _PyObject_CAST(src);                    \
+        Py_XDECREF(_tmp_dst);                                   \
+    } while (0)
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-43753 added Py_Is(), Py_IsNone(), Py_IsTrue() and Py_IsFalse()
+// to Python 3.10.0b1.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00B1 && !defined(Py_Is)
+#  define Py_Is(x, y) ((x) == (y))
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00B1 && !defined(Py_IsNone)
+#  define Py_IsNone(x) Py_Is(x, Py_None)
+#endif
+#if (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00B1 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)) && !defined(Py_IsTrue)
+#  define Py_IsTrue(x) Py_Is(x, Py_True)
+#endif
+#if (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030A00B1 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)) && !defined(Py_IsFalse)
+#  define Py_IsFalse(x) Py_Is(x, Py_False)
+#endif
+
+
 // bpo-39573 added Py_SET_TYPE() to Python 3.9.0a4
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4 && !defined(Py_SET_TYPE)
-static inline void
-_Py_SET_TYPE(PyObject *ob, PyTypeObject *type)
+static inline void _Py_SET_TYPE(PyObject *ob, PyTypeObject *type)
 {
     ob->ob_type = type;
 }
@@ -86,8 +140,7 @@ _Py_SET_TYPE(PyObject *ob, PyTypeObject *type)
 
 // bpo-39573 added Py_SET_SIZE() to Python 3.9.0a4
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4 && !defined(Py_SET_SIZE)
-static inline void
-_Py_SET_SIZE(PyVarObject *ob, Py_ssize_t size)
+static inline void _Py_SET_SIZE(PyVarObject *ob, Py_ssize_t size)
 {
     ob->ob_size = size;
 }
@@ -96,97 +149,193 @@ _Py_SET_SIZE(PyVarObject *ob, Py_ssize_t size)
 
 
 // bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetCode() to Python 3.9.0b1
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1
-static inline PyCodeObject*
-PyFrame_GetCode(PyFrameObject *frame)
-{
-    PyCodeObject *code;
-    assert(frame != NULL);
-    code = frame->f_code;
-    assert(code != NULL);
-    Py_INCREF(code);
-    return code;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyCodeObject* PyFrame_GetCode(PyFrameObject *frame)
+{
+    assert(frame != _Py_NULL);
+    assert(frame->f_code != _Py_NULL);
+    return _Py_CAST(PyCodeObject*, Py_NewRef(frame->f_code));
 }
 #endif
 
-static inline PyCodeObject*
-_PyFrame_GetCodeBorrow(PyFrameObject *frame)
+static inline PyCodeObject* _PyFrame_GetCodeBorrow(PyFrameObject *frame)
 {
     PyCodeObject *code = PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
     Py_DECREF(code);
-    return code;  // borrowed reference
+    return code;
 }
 
 
-// bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetCode() to Python 3.9.0b1
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1
-static inline PyFrameObject*
-PyFrame_GetBack(PyFrameObject *frame)
+// bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetBack() to Python 3.9.0b1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyFrameObject* PyFrame_GetBack(PyFrameObject *frame)
 {
-    PyFrameObject *back;
-    assert(frame != NULL);
-    back = frame->f_back;
-    Py_XINCREF(back);
-    return back;
+    assert(frame != _Py_NULL);
+    return _Py_CAST(PyFrameObject*, Py_XNewRef(frame->f_back));
 }
 #endif
 
-static inline PyFrameObject*
-_PyFrame_GetBackBorrow(PyFrameObject *frame)
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyFrameObject* _PyFrame_GetBackBorrow(PyFrameObject *frame)
 {
     PyFrameObject *back = PyFrame_GetBack(frame);
     Py_XDECREF(back);
-    return back;  // borrowed reference
+    return back;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetLocals() to Python 3.11.0a7
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A7 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyFrame_GetLocals(PyFrameObject *frame)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400B1
+    if (PyFrame_FastToLocalsWithError(frame) < 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    PyFrame_FastToLocals(frame);
+#endif
+    return Py_NewRef(frame->f_locals);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetGlobals() to Python 3.11.0a7
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A7 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyFrame_GetGlobals(PyFrameObject *frame)
+{
+    return Py_NewRef(frame->f_globals);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetBuiltins() to Python 3.11.0a7
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A7 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyFrame_GetBuiltins(PyFrameObject *frame)
+{
+    return Py_NewRef(frame->f_builtins);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-40421 added PyFrame_GetLasti() to Python 3.11.0b1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00B1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline int PyFrame_GetLasti(PyFrameObject *frame)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00A7
+    // bpo-27129: Since Python 3.10.0a7, f_lasti is an instruction offset,
+    // not a bytes offset anymore. Python uses 16-bit "wordcode" (2 bytes)
+    // instructions.
+    if (frame->f_lasti < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return frame->f_lasti * 2;
+#else
+    return frame->f_lasti;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-91248 added PyFrame_GetVar() to Python 3.12.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A2 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyFrame_GetVar(PyFrameObject *frame, PyObject *name)
+{
+    PyObject *locals, *value;
+
+    locals = PyFrame_GetLocals(frame);
+    if (locals == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(locals, name);
+#else
+    value = _PyDict_GetItemWithError(locals, name);
+#endif
+    Py_DECREF(locals);
+
+    if (value == NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_NameError, "variable %R does not exist", name);
+#else
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NameError, "variable does not exist");
+#endif
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_NewRef(value);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-91248 added PyFrame_GetVarString() to Python 3.12.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A2 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject*
+PyFrame_GetVarString(PyFrameObject *frame, const char *name)
+{
+    PyObject *name_obj, *value;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    name_obj = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
+#else
+    name_obj = PyString_FromString(name);
+#endif
+    if (name_obj == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    value = PyFrame_GetVar(frame, name_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(name_obj);
+    return value;
 }
+#endif
 
 
 // bpo-39947 added PyThreadState_GetInterpreter() to Python 3.9.0a5
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A5
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A5 || (defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000)
 static inline PyInterpreterState *
 PyThreadState_GetInterpreter(PyThreadState *tstate)
 {
-    assert(tstate != NULL);
+    assert(tstate != _Py_NULL);
     return tstate->interp;
 }
 #endif
 
 
 // bpo-40429 added PyThreadState_GetFrame() to Python 3.9.0b1
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1
-static inline PyFrameObject*
-PyThreadState_GetFrame(PyThreadState *tstate)
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900B1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyFrameObject* PyThreadState_GetFrame(PyThreadState *tstate)
 {
-    PyFrameObject *frame;
-    assert(tstate != NULL);
-    frame = tstate->frame;
-    Py_XINCREF(frame);
-    return frame;
+    assert(tstate != _Py_NULL);
+    return _Py_CAST(PyFrameObject *, Py_XNewRef(tstate->frame));
 }
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
 static inline PyFrameObject*
 _PyThreadState_GetFrameBorrow(PyThreadState *tstate)
 {
     PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
     Py_XDECREF(frame);
-    return frame;  // borrowed reference
+    return frame;
 }
+#endif
 
 
 // bpo-39947 added PyInterpreterState_Get() to Python 3.9.0a5
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A5
-static inline PyInterpreterState *
-PyInterpreterState_Get(void)
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A5 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Get(void)
 {
     PyThreadState *tstate;
     PyInterpreterState *interp;
 
     tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
-    if (tstate == NULL) {
+    if (tstate == _Py_NULL) {
         Py_FatalError("GIL released (tstate is NULL)");
     }
     interp = tstate->interp;
-    if (interp == NULL) {
+    if (interp == _Py_NULL) {
         Py_FatalError("no current interpreter");
     }
     return interp;
@@ -195,20 +344,47 @@ PyInterpreterState_Get(void)
 
 
 // bpo-39947 added PyInterpreterState_Get() to Python 3.9.0a6
-#if 0x030700A1 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A6
-static inline uint64_t
-PyThreadState_GetID(PyThreadState *tstate)
+#if 0x030700A1 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A6 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline uint64_t PyThreadState_GetID(PyThreadState *tstate)
 {
-    assert(tstate != NULL);
+    assert(tstate != _Py_NULL);
     return tstate->id;
 }
 #endif
 
+// bpo-43760 added PyThreadState_EnterTracing() to Python 3.11.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A2 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline void PyThreadState_EnterTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
+{
+    tstate->tracing++;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00A1
+    tstate->cframe->use_tracing = 0;
+#else
+    tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+// bpo-43760 added PyThreadState_LeaveTracing() to Python 3.11.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A2 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline void PyThreadState_LeaveTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
+{
+    int use_tracing = (tstate->c_tracefunc != _Py_NULL
+                       || tstate->c_profilefunc != _Py_NULL);
+    tstate->tracing--;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00A1
+    tstate->cframe->use_tracing = use_tracing;
+#else
+    tstate->use_tracing = use_tracing;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
 
 // bpo-37194 added PyObject_CallNoArgs() to Python 3.9.0a1
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A1
-static inline PyObject*
-PyObject_CallNoArgs(PyObject *func)
+// PyObject_CallNoArgs() added to PyPy 3.9.16-v7.3.11
+#if !defined(PyObject_CallNoArgs) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A1
+static inline PyObject* PyObject_CallNoArgs(PyObject *func)
 {
     return PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(func, NULL);
 }
@@ -217,9 +393,9 @@ PyObject_CallNoArgs(PyObject *func)
 
 // bpo-39245 made PyObject_CallOneArg() public (previously called
 // _PyObject_CallOneArg) in Python 3.9.0a4
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4
-static inline PyObject*
-PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg)
+// PyObject_CallOneArg() added to PyPy 3.9.16-v7.3.11
+#if !defined(PyObject_CallOneArg) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4
+static inline PyObject* PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg)
 {
     return PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(func, arg, NULL);
 }
@@ -231,8 +407,18 @@ PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg)
 static inline int
 PyModule_AddObjectRef(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
 {
+    int res;
+
+    if (!value && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        // PyModule_AddObject() raises TypeError in this case
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+                        "PyModule_AddObjectRef() must be called "
+                        "with an exception raised if value is NULL");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     Py_XINCREF(value);
-    int res = PyModule_AddObject(module, name, value);
+    res = PyModule_AddObject(module, name, value);
     if (res < 0) {
         Py_XDECREF(value);
     }
@@ -243,8 +429,7 @@ PyModule_AddObjectRef(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
 
 // bpo-40024 added PyModule_AddType() to Python 3.9.0a5
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A5
-static inline int
-PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
+static inline int PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
 {
     const char *name, *dot;
 
@@ -254,22 +439,21 @@ PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
 
     // inline _PyType_Name()
     name = type->tp_name;
-    assert(name != NULL);
+    assert(name != _Py_NULL);
     dot = strrchr(name, '.');
-    if (dot != NULL) {
+    if (dot != _Py_NULL) {
         name = dot + 1;
     }
 
-    return PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, name, (PyObject *)type);
+    return PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, name, _PyObject_CAST(type));
 }
 #endif
 
 
 // bpo-40241 added PyObject_GC_IsTracked() to Python 3.9.0a6.
 // bpo-4688 added _PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED() to Python 2.7.0a2.
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A6
-static inline int
-PyObject_GC_IsTracked(PyObject* obj)
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A6 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline int PyObject_GC_IsTracked(PyObject* obj)
 {
     return (PyObject_IS_GC(obj) && _PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(obj));
 }
@@ -277,30 +461,1840 @@ PyObject_GC_IsTracked(PyObject* obj)
 
 // bpo-40241 added PyObject_GC_IsFinalized() to Python 3.9.0a6.
 // bpo-18112 added _PyGCHead_FINALIZED() to Python 3.4.0 final.
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A6 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400F0
-static inline int
-PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(PyObject *obj)
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A6 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400F0 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline int PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(PyObject *obj)
 {
-    return (PyObject_IS_GC(obj) && _PyGCHead_FINALIZED((PyGC_Head *)(obj)-1));
+    PyGC_Head *gc = _Py_CAST(PyGC_Head*, obj) - 1;
+    return (PyObject_IS_GC(obj) && _PyGCHead_FINALIZED(gc));
 }
 #endif
 
 
 // bpo-39573 added Py_IS_TYPE() to Python 3.9.0a4
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4 && !defined(Py_IS_TYPE)
+static inline int _Py_IS_TYPE(PyObject *ob, PyTypeObject *type) {
+    return Py_TYPE(ob) == type;
+}
+#define Py_IS_TYPE(ob, type) _Py_IS_TYPE(_PyObject_CAST(ob), type)
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-46906 added PyFloat_Pack2() and PyFloat_Unpack2() to Python 3.11a7.
+// bpo-11734 added _PyFloat_Pack2() and _PyFloat_Unpack2() to Python 3.6.0b1.
+// Python 3.11a2 moved _PyFloat_Pack2() and _PyFloat_Unpack2() to the internal
+// C API: Python 3.11a2-3.11a6 versions are not supported.
+#if 0x030600B1 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030B00A1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline int PyFloat_Pack2(double x, char *p, int le)
+{ return _PyFloat_Pack2(x, (unsigned char*)p, le); }
+
+static inline double PyFloat_Unpack2(const char *p, int le)
+{ return _PyFloat_Unpack2((const unsigned char *)p, le); }
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-46906 added PyFloat_Pack4(), PyFloat_Pack8(), PyFloat_Unpack4() and
+// PyFloat_Unpack8() to Python 3.11a7.
+// Python 3.11a2 moved _PyFloat_Pack4(), _PyFloat_Pack8(), _PyFloat_Unpack4()
+// and _PyFloat_Unpack8() to the internal C API: Python 3.11a2-3.11a6 versions
+// are not supported.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030B00A1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline int PyFloat_Pack4(double x, char *p, int le)
+{ return _PyFloat_Pack4(x, (unsigned char*)p, le); }
+
+static inline int PyFloat_Pack8(double x, char *p, int le)
+{ return _PyFloat_Pack8(x, (unsigned char*)p, le); }
+
+static inline double PyFloat_Unpack4(const char *p, int le)
+{ return _PyFloat_Unpack4((const unsigned char *)p, le); }
+
+static inline double PyFloat_Unpack8(const char *p, int le)
+{ return _PyFloat_Unpack8((const unsigned char *)p, le); }
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-92154 added PyCode_GetCode() to Python 3.11.0b1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00B1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyCode_GetCode(PyCodeObject *code)
+{
+    return Py_NewRef(code->co_code);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-95008 added PyCode_GetVarnames() to Python 3.11.0rc1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00C1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyCode_GetVarnames(PyCodeObject *code)
+{
+    return Py_NewRef(code->co_varnames);
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-95008 added PyCode_GetFreevars() to Python 3.11.0rc1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00C1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyCode_GetFreevars(PyCodeObject *code)
+{
+    return Py_NewRef(code->co_freevars);
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-95008 added PyCode_GetCellvars() to Python 3.11.0rc1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00C1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject* PyCode_GetCellvars(PyCodeObject *code)
+{
+    return Py_NewRef(code->co_cellvars);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// Py_UNUSED() was added to Python 3.4.0b2.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030400B2 && !defined(Py_UNUSED)
+#  if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+#    define Py_UNUSED(name) _unused_ ## name __attribute__((unused))
+#  else
+#    define Py_UNUSED(name) _unused_ ## name
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-105922 added PyImport_AddModuleRef() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A0
+static inline PyObject* PyImport_AddModuleRef(const char *name)
+{
+    return Py_XNewRef(PyImport_AddModule(name));
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-105927 added PyWeakref_GetRef() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
+static inline int PyWeakref_GetRef(PyObject *ref, PyObject **pobj)
+{
+    PyObject *obj;
+    if (ref != NULL && !PyWeakref_Check(ref)) {
+        *pobj = NULL;
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "expected a weakref");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    obj = PyWeakref_GetObject(ref);
+    if (obj == NULL) {
+        // SystemError if ref is NULL
+        *pobj = NULL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (obj == Py_None) {
+        *pobj = NULL;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    *pobj = Py_NewRef(obj);
+    return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-36974 added PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET to Python 3.8b1
+#ifndef PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET
+#  define PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET (_Py_CAST(size_t, 1) << (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1))
+#endif
+
+// bpo-36974 added PyVectorcall_NARGS() to Python 3.8b1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030800B1
+static inline Py_ssize_t PyVectorcall_NARGS(size_t n)
+{
+    return n & ~PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-105922 added PyObject_Vectorcall() to Python 3.9.0a4
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900A4
+static inline PyObject*
+PyObject_Vectorcall(PyObject *callable, PyObject *const *args,
+                     size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030800B1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    // bpo-36974 added _PyObject_Vectorcall() to Python 3.8.0b1
+    return _PyObject_Vectorcall(callable, args, nargsf, kwnames);
+#else
+    PyObject *posargs = NULL, *kwargs = NULL;
+    PyObject *res;
+    Py_ssize_t nposargs, nkwargs, i;
+
+    if (nargsf != 0 && args == NULL) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (kwnames != NULL && !PyTuple_Check(kwnames)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    nposargs = (Py_ssize_t)PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf);
+    if (kwnames) {
+        nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
+    }
+    else {
+        nkwargs = 0;
+    }
+
+    posargs = PyTuple_New(nposargs);
+    if (posargs == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (nposargs) {
+        for (i=0; i < nposargs; i++) {
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(posargs, i, Py_NewRef(*args));
+            args++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (nkwargs) {
+        kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if (kwargs == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < nkwargs; i++) {
+            PyObject *key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i);
+            PyObject *value = *args;
+            args++;
+            if (PyDict_SetItem(kwargs, key, value) < 0) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        kwargs = NULL;
+    }
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(callable, posargs, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(posargs);
+    Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
+    return res;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(posargs);
+    Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
+    return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-106521 added PyObject_GetOptionalAttr() and
+// PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject **result)
+{
+    // bpo-32571 added _PyObject_LookupAttr() to Python 3.7.0b1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700B1 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return _PyObject_LookupAttr(obj, attr_name, result);
+#else
+    *result = PyObject_GetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+    if (*result != NULL) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return -1;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString(PyObject *obj, const char *attr_name, PyObject **result)
+{
+    PyObject *name_obj;
+    int rc;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    name_obj = PyUnicode_FromString(attr_name);
+#else
+    name_obj = PyString_FromString(attr_name);
+#endif
+    if (name_obj == NULL) {
+        *result = NULL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(obj, name_obj, result);
+    Py_DECREF(name_obj);
+    return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-106307 added PyObject_GetOptionalAttr() and
+// PyMapping_GetOptionalItemString() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key, PyObject **result)
+{
+    *result = PyObject_GetItem(obj, key);
+    if (*result) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    PyErr_Clear();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyMapping_GetOptionalItemString(PyObject *obj, const char *key, PyObject **result)
+{
+    PyObject *key_obj;
+    int rc;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    key_obj = PyUnicode_FromString(key);
+#else
+    key_obj = PyString_FromString(key);
+#endif
+    if (key_obj == NULL) {
+        *result = NULL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    rc = PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(obj, key_obj, result);
+    Py_DECREF(key_obj);
+    return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-108511 added PyMapping_HasKeyWithError() and
+// PyMapping_HasKeyStringWithError() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyMapping_HasKeyWithError(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    int rc = PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(obj, key, &res);
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyMapping_HasKeyStringWithError(PyObject *obj, const char *key)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    int rc = PyMapping_GetOptionalItemString(obj, key, &res);
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-108511 added PyObject_HasAttrWithError() and
+// PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyObject_HasAttrWithError(PyObject *obj, PyObject *attr)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    int rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(obj, attr, &res);
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    return rc;
+}
+
 static inline int
-_Py_IS_TYPE(const PyObject *ob, const PyTypeObject *type) {
-    return ob->ob_type == type;
+PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError(PyObject *obj, const char *attr)
+{
+    PyObject *res;
+    int rc = PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString(obj, attr, &res);
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-106004 added PyDict_GetItemRef() and PyDict_GetItemStringRef()
+// to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyDict_GetItemRef(PyObject *mp, PyObject *key, PyObject **result)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    PyObject *item = PyDict_GetItemWithError(mp, key);
+#else
+    PyObject *item = _PyDict_GetItemWithError(mp, key);
+#endif
+    if (item != NULL) {
+        *result = Py_NewRef(item);
+        return 1;  // found
+    }
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        *result = NULL;
+        return 0;  // not found
+    }
+    *result = NULL;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyDict_GetItemStringRef(PyObject *mp, const char *key, PyObject **result)
+{
+    int res;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    PyObject *key_obj = PyUnicode_FromString(key);
+#else
+    PyObject *key_obj = PyString_FromString(key);
+#endif
+    if (key_obj == NULL) {
+        *result = NULL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    res = PyDict_GetItemRef(mp, key_obj, result);
+    Py_DECREF(key_obj);
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-106307 added PyModule_Add() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyModule_Add(PyObject *mod, const char *name, PyObject *value)
+{
+    int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(mod, name, value);
+    Py_XDECREF(value);
+    return res;
 }
-#define Py_IS_TYPE(ob, type) _Py_IS_TYPE(_PyObject_CAST_CONST(ob), type)
 #endif
 
 
-#ifdef PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_MSC_INLINE
-#  undef inline
-#  undef PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_MSC_INLINE
+// gh-108014 added Py_IsFinalizing() to Python 3.13.0a1
+// bpo-1856 added _Py_Finalizing to Python 3.2.1b1.
+// _Py_IsFinalizing() was added to PyPy 7.3.0.
+#if (0x030201B1 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1) \
+        && (!defined(PYPY_VERSION_NUM) || PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x7030000)
+static inline int Py_IsFinalizing(void)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A1
+    // _Py_IsFinalizing() was added to Python 3.7.0a1.
+    return _Py_IsFinalizing();
+#else
+    return (_Py_Finalizing != NULL);
+#endif
+}
 #endif
 
+
+// gh-108323 added PyDict_ContainsString() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int PyDict_ContainsString(PyObject *op, const char *key)
+{
+    PyObject *key_obj = PyUnicode_FromString(key);
+    if (key_obj == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    int res = PyDict_Contains(op, key_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(key_obj);
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-108445 added PyLong_AsInt() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int PyLong_AsInt(PyObject *obj)
+{
+#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
+    long value = PyLong_AsLong(obj);
+    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (value < (long)INT_MIN || (long)INT_MAX < value) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                        "Python int too large to convert to C int");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return (int)value;
+#else
+    return _PyLong_AsInt(obj);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-107073 added PyObject_VisitManagedDict() to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyObject_VisitManagedDict(PyObject *obj, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    PyObject **dict = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj);
+    if (dict == NULL || *dict == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_VISIT(*dict);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void
+PyObject_ClearManagedDict(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    PyObject **dict = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj);
+    if (dict == NULL || *dict == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+    Py_CLEAR(*dict);
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-108867 added PyThreadState_GetUnchecked() to Python 3.13.0a1
+// Python 3.5.2 added _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet().
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050200 && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline PyThreadState*
+PyThreadState_GetUnchecked(void)
+{
+    return _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet();
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-110289 added PyUnicode_EqualToUTF8() and PyUnicode_EqualToUTF8AndSize()
+// to Python 3.13.0a1
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A1
+static inline int
+PyUnicode_EqualToUTF8AndSize(PyObject *unicode, const char *str, Py_ssize_t str_len)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    const void *utf8;
+    PyObject *exc_type, *exc_value, *exc_tb;
+    int res;
+
+    // API cannot report errors so save/restore the exception
+    PyErr_Fetch(&exc_type, &exc_value, &exc_tb);
+
+    // Python 3.3.0a1 added PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize()
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300A1
+    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode)) {
+        utf8 = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
+        len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
+    }
+    else {
+        utf8 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(unicode, &len);
+        if (utf8 == NULL) {
+            // Memory allocation failure. The API cannot report error,
+            // so ignore the exception and return 0.
+            res = 0;
+            goto done;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (len != str_len) {
+        res = 0;
+        goto done;
+    }
+    res = (memcmp(utf8, str, (size_t)len) == 0);
+#else
+    PyObject *bytes = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode);
+    if (bytes == NULL) {
+        // Memory allocation failure. The API cannot report error,
+        // so ignore the exception and return 0.
+        res = 0;
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
+    utf8 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes);
+#else
+    len = PyString_GET_SIZE(bytes);
+    utf8 = PyString_AS_STRING(bytes);
+#endif
+    if (len != str_len) {
+        Py_DECREF(bytes);
+        res = 0;
+        goto done;
+    }
+
+    res = (memcmp(utf8, str, (size_t)len) == 0);
+    Py_DECREF(bytes);
+#endif
+
+done:
+    PyErr_Restore(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicode_EqualToUTF8(PyObject *unicode, const char *str)
+{
+    return PyUnicode_EqualToUTF8AndSize(unicode, str, (Py_ssize_t)strlen(str));
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-111138 added PyList_Extend() and PyList_Clear() to Python 3.13.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A2
+static inline int
+PyList_Extend(PyObject *list, PyObject *iterable)
+{
+    return PyList_SetSlice(list, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, iterable);
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyList_Clear(PyObject *list)
+{
+    return PyList_SetSlice(list, 0, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-111262 added PyDict_Pop() and PyDict_PopString() to Python 3.13.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A2
+static inline int
+PyDict_Pop(PyObject *dict, PyObject *key, PyObject **result)
+{
+    PyObject *value;
+
+    if (!PyDict_Check(dict)) {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        if (result) {
+            *result = NULL;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // bpo-16991 added _PyDict_Pop() to Python 3.5.0b2.
+    // Python 3.6.0b3 changed _PyDict_Pop() first argument type to PyObject*.
+    // Python 3.13.0a1 removed _PyDict_Pop().
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030500b2 || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000
+    value = PyObject_CallMethod(dict, "pop", "O", key);
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030600b3
+    value = _PyDict_Pop(_Py_CAST(PyDictObject*, dict), key, NULL);
+#else
+    value = _PyDict_Pop(dict, key, NULL);
+#endif
+    if (value == NULL) {
+        if (result) {
+            *result = NULL;
+        }
+        if (PyErr_Occurred() && !PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (result) {
+        *result = value;
+    }
+    else {
+        Py_DECREF(value);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyDict_PopString(PyObject *dict, const char *key, PyObject **result)
+{
+    PyObject *key_obj = PyUnicode_FromString(key);
+    if (key_obj == NULL) {
+        if (result != NULL) {
+            *result = NULL;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int res = PyDict_Pop(dict, key_obj, result);
+    Py_DECREF(key_obj);
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030200A4
+// Python 3.2.0a4 added Py_hash_t type
+typedef Py_ssize_t Py_hash_t;
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-111545 added Py_HashPointer() to Python 3.13.0a3
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A3
+static inline Py_hash_t Py_HashPointer(const void *ptr)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900A4 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return _Py_HashPointer(ptr);
+#else
+    return _Py_HashPointer(_Py_CAST(void*, ptr));
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// Python 3.13a4 added a PyTime API.
+// Use the private API added to Python 3.5.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A4 && PY_VERSION_HEX  >= 0x03050000
+typedef _PyTime_t PyTime_t;
+#define PyTime_MIN _PyTime_MIN
+#define PyTime_MAX _PyTime_MAX
+
+static inline double PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(PyTime_t t)
+{ return _PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(t); }
+
+static inline int PyTime_Monotonic(PyTime_t *result)
+{ return _PyTime_GetMonotonicClockWithInfo(result, NULL); }
+
+static inline int PyTime_Time(PyTime_t *result)
+{ return _PyTime_GetSystemClockWithInfo(result, NULL); }
+
+static inline int PyTime_PerfCounter(PyTime_t *result)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03070000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return _PyTime_GetPerfCounterWithInfo(result, NULL);
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03070000
+    // Call time.perf_counter_ns() and convert Python int object to PyTime_t.
+    // Cache time.perf_counter_ns() function for best performance.
+    static PyObject *func = NULL;
+    if (func == NULL) {
+        PyObject *mod = PyImport_ImportModule("time");
+        if (mod == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        func = PyObject_GetAttrString(mod, "perf_counter_ns");
+        Py_DECREF(mod);
+        if (func == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallNoArgs(func);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    long long value = PyLong_AsLongLong(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(value) >= sizeof(PyTime_t));
+    *result = (PyTime_t)value;
+    return 0;
+#else
+    // Call time.perf_counter() and convert C double to PyTime_t.
+    // Cache time.perf_counter() function for best performance.
+    static PyObject *func = NULL;
+    if (func == NULL) {
+        PyObject *mod = PyImport_ImportModule("time");
+        if (mod == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        func = PyObject_GetAttrString(mod, "perf_counter");
+        Py_DECREF(mod);
+        if (func == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallNoArgs(func);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    double d = PyFloat_AsDouble(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    if (d == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Avoid floor() to avoid having to link to libm
+    *result = (PyTime_t)(d * 1e9);
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// gh-111389 added hash constants to Python 3.13.0a5. These constants were
+// added first as private macros to Python 3.4.0b1 and PyPy 7.3.8.
+#if (!defined(PyHASH_BITS) \
+     && ((!defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400B1) \
+         || (defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03070000 \
+             && PYPY_VERSION_NUM >= 0x07030800)))
+#  define PyHASH_BITS _PyHASH_BITS
+#  define PyHASH_MODULUS _PyHASH_MODULUS
+#  define PyHASH_INF _PyHASH_INF
+#  define PyHASH_IMAG _PyHASH_IMAG
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-111545 added Py_GetConstant() and Py_GetConstantBorrowed()
+// to Python 3.13.0a6
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A6 && !defined(Py_CONSTANT_NONE)
+
+#define Py_CONSTANT_NONE 0
+#define Py_CONSTANT_FALSE 1
+#define Py_CONSTANT_TRUE 2
+#define Py_CONSTANT_ELLIPSIS 3
+#define Py_CONSTANT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED 4
+#define Py_CONSTANT_ZERO 5
+#define Py_CONSTANT_ONE 6
+#define Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR 7
+#define Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES 8
+#define Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE 9
+
+static inline PyObject* Py_GetConstant(unsigned int constant_id)
+{
+    static PyObject* constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE + 1] = {NULL};
+
+    if (constants[Py_CONSTANT_NONE] == NULL) {
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_NONE] = Py_None;
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_FALSE] = Py_False;
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_TRUE] = Py_True;
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_ELLIPSIS] = Py_Ellipsis;
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED] = Py_NotImplemented;
+
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_ZERO] = PyLong_FromLong(0);
+        if (constants[Py_CONSTANT_ZERO] == NULL) {
+            goto fatal_error;
+        }
+
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_ONE] = PyLong_FromLong(1);
+        if (constants[Py_CONSTANT_ONE] == NULL) {
+            goto fatal_error;
+        }
+
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR] = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+        if (constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR] == NULL) {
+            goto fatal_error;
+        }
+
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES] = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+        if (constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES] == NULL) {
+            goto fatal_error;
+        }
+
+        constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE] = PyTuple_New(0);
+        if (constants[Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE] == NULL) {
+            goto fatal_error;
+        }
+        // goto dance to avoid compiler warnings about Py_FatalError()
+        goto init_done;
+
+fatal_error:
+        // This case should never happen
+        Py_FatalError("Py_GetConstant() failed to get constants");
+    }
+
+init_done:
+    if (constant_id <= Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE) {
+        return Py_NewRef(constants[constant_id]);
+    }
+    else {
+        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline PyObject* Py_GetConstantBorrowed(unsigned int constant_id)
+{
+    PyObject *obj = Py_GetConstant(constant_id);
+    Py_XDECREF(obj);
+    return obj;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-114329 added PyList_GetItemRef() to Python 3.13.0a4
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A4
+static inline PyObject *
+PyList_GetItemRef(PyObject *op, Py_ssize_t index)
+{
+    PyObject *item = PyList_GetItem(op, index);
+    Py_XINCREF(item);
+    return item;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-114329 added PyList_GetItemRef() to Python 3.13.0a4
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00A4
+static inline int
+PyDict_SetDefaultRef(PyObject *d, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value,
+                     PyObject **result)
+{
+    PyObject *value;
+    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(d, key, &value) < 0) {
+        // get error
+        if (result) {
+            *result = NULL;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (value != NULL) {
+        // present
+        if (result) {
+            *result = value;
+        }
+        else {
+            Py_DECREF(value);
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // missing: set the item
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(d, key, default_value) < 0) {
+        // set error
+        if (result) {
+            *result = NULL;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (result) {
+        *result = Py_NewRef(default_value);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D00B3
+#  define Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(op) {
+#  define Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION() }
+#  define Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION2(a, b) {
+#  define Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION2() }
+#endif
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E0000 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+typedef struct PyUnicodeWriter PyUnicodeWriter;
+
+static inline void PyUnicodeWriter_Discard(PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
+{
+    _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer);
+    PyMem_Free(writer);
+}
+
+static inline PyUnicodeWriter* PyUnicodeWriter_Create(Py_ssize_t length)
+{
+    if (length < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                        "length must be positive");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    const size_t size = sizeof(_PyUnicodeWriter);
+    PyUnicodeWriter *pub_writer = (PyUnicodeWriter *)PyMem_Malloc(size);
+    if (pub_writer == _Py_NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return _Py_NULL;
+    }
+    _PyUnicodeWriter *writer = (_PyUnicodeWriter *)pub_writer;
+
+    _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(writer);
+    if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(writer, length, 127) < 0) {
+        PyUnicodeWriter_Discard(pub_writer);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    writer->overallocate = 1;
+    return pub_writer;
+}
+
+static inline PyObject* PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
+{
+    PyObject *str = _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer);
+    assert(((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer)->buffer == NULL);
+    PyMem_Free(writer);
+    return str;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar(PyUnicodeWriter *writer, Py_UCS4 ch)
+{
+    if (ch > 0x10ffff) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                        "character must be in range(0x110000)");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, ch);
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *obj)
+{
+    PyObject *str = PyObject_Str(obj);
+    if (str == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int res = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, str);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteRepr(PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *obj)
+{
+    PyObject *str = PyObject_Repr(obj);
+    if (str == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int res = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, str);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUTF8(PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
+                          const char *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (size < 0) {
+        size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(str);
+    }
+
+    PyObject *str_obj = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(str, size);
+    if (str_obj == _Py_NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int res = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, str_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII(PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
+                           const char *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (size < 0) {
+        size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(str);
+    }
+
+    return _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer,
+                                             str, size);
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteWideChar(PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
+                              const wchar_t *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+    if (size < 0) {
+        size = (Py_ssize_t)wcslen(str);
+    }
+
+    PyObject *str_obj = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(str, size);
+    if (str_obj == _Py_NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int res = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, str_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(str_obj);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring(PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *str,
+                               Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(str)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expect str, not %s",
+                     Py_TYPE(str)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (start < 0 || start > end) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid start argument");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (end > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid end argument");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, str,
+                                           start, end);
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyUnicodeWriter_Format(PyUnicodeWriter *writer, const char *format, ...)
+{
+    va_list vargs;
+    va_start(vargs, format);
+    PyObject *str = PyUnicode_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    if (str == _Py_NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int res = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr((_PyUnicodeWriter*)writer, str);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return res;
+}
+#endif  // PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E0000
+
+// gh-116560 added PyLong_GetSign() to Python 3.14.0a0
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A0
+static inline int PyLong_GetSign(PyObject *obj, int *sign)
+{
+    if (!PyLong_Check(obj)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expect int, got %s", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *sign = _PyLong_Sign(obj);
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+// gh-126061 added PyLong_IsPositive/Negative/Zero() to Python in 3.14.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A2
+static inline int PyLong_IsPositive(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    if (!PyLong_Check(obj)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expected int, got %s", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return _PyLong_Sign(obj) == 1;
+}
+
+static inline int PyLong_IsNegative(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    if (!PyLong_Check(obj)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expected int, got %s", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return _PyLong_Sign(obj) == -1;
+}
+
+static inline int PyLong_IsZero(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    if (!PyLong_Check(obj)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expected int, got %s", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return _PyLong_Sign(obj) == 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-124502 added PyUnicode_Equal() to Python 3.14.0a0
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A0
+static inline int PyUnicode_Equal(PyObject *str1, PyObject *str2)
+{
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(str1)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "first argument must be str, not %s",
+                     Py_TYPE(str1)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(str2)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "second argument must be str, not %s",
+                     Py_TYPE(str2)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030d0000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyUnicode_Equal(PyObject *str1, PyObject *str2);
+
+    return _PyUnicode_Equal(str1, str2);
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return _PyUnicode_EQ(str1, str2);
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 && defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return _PyUnicode_EQ(str1, str2);
+#else
+    return (PyUnicode_Compare(str1, str2) == 0);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-121645 added PyBytes_Join() to Python 3.14.0a0
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A0
+static inline PyObject* PyBytes_Join(PyObject *sep, PyObject *iterable)
+{
+    return _PyBytes_Join(sep, iterable);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A0
+static inline Py_hash_t Py_HashBuffer(const void *ptr, Py_ssize_t len)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    PyAPI_FUNC(Py_hash_t) _Py_HashBytes(const void *src, Py_ssize_t len);
+
+    return _Py_HashBytes(ptr, len);
+#else
+    Py_hash_t hash;
+    PyObject *bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char*)ptr, len);
+    if (bytes == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    hash = PyObject_Hash(bytes);
+    Py_DECREF(bytes);
+    return hash;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A0
+static inline int PyIter_NextItem(PyObject *iter, PyObject **item)
+{
+    iternextfunc tp_iternext;
+
+    assert(iter != NULL);
+    assert(item != NULL);
+
+    tp_iternext = Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_iternext;
+    if (tp_iternext == NULL) {
+        *item = NULL;
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expected an iterator, got '%s'",
+                     Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if ((*item = tp_iternext(iter))) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A0
+static inline PyObject* PyLong_FromInt32(int32_t value)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long) >= 4);
+    return PyLong_FromLong(value);
+}
+
+static inline PyObject* PyLong_FromInt64(int64_t value)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long long) >= 8);
+    return PyLong_FromLongLong(value);
+}
+
+static inline PyObject* PyLong_FromUInt32(uint32_t value)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(unsigned long) >= 4);
+    return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(value);
+}
+
+static inline PyObject* PyLong_FromUInt64(uint64_t value)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(unsigned long long) >= 8);
+    return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(value);
+}
+
+static inline int PyLong_AsInt32(PyObject *obj, int32_t *pvalue)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(int) == 4);
+    int value = PyLong_AsInt(obj);
+    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *pvalue = (int32_t)value;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int PyLong_AsInt64(PyObject *obj, int64_t *pvalue)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+    long long value = PyLong_AsLongLong(obj);
+    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *pvalue = (int64_t)value;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int PyLong_AsUInt32(PyObject *obj, uint32_t *pvalue)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long) >= 4);
+    unsigned long value = PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(obj);
+    if (value == (unsigned long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
+    if ((unsigned long)UINT32_MAX < value) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                        "Python int too large to convert to C uint32_t");
+        return -1;
+    }
+#endif
+    *pvalue = (uint32_t)value;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int PyLong_AsUInt64(PyObject *obj, uint64_t *pvalue)
+{
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+    unsigned long long value = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(obj);
+    if (value == (unsigned long long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *pvalue = (uint64_t)value;
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-102471 added import and export API for integers to 3.14.0a2.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A2 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+// Helpers to access PyLongObject internals.
+static inline void
+_PyLong_SetSignAndDigitCount(PyLongObject *op, int sign, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000
+    op->long_value.lv_tag = (uintptr_t)(1 - sign) | ((uintptr_t)(size) << 3);
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900A4
+    Py_SET_SIZE(op, sign * size);
+#else
+    Py_SIZE(op) = sign * size;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline Py_ssize_t
+_PyLong_DigitCount(const PyLongObject *op)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000
+    return (Py_ssize_t)(op->long_value.lv_tag >> 3);
+#else
+    return _PyLong_Sign((PyObject*)op) < 0 ? -Py_SIZE(op) : Py_SIZE(op);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline digit*
+_PyLong_GetDigits(const PyLongObject *op)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000
+    return (digit*)(op->long_value.ob_digit);
+#else
+    return (digit*)(op->ob_digit);
+#endif
+}
+
+typedef struct PyLongLayout {
+    uint8_t bits_per_digit;
+    uint8_t digit_size;
+    int8_t digits_order;
+    int8_t digit_endianness;
+} PyLongLayout;
+
+typedef struct PyLongExport {
+    int64_t value;
+    uint8_t negative;
+    Py_ssize_t ndigits;
+    const void *digits;
+    Py_uintptr_t _reserved;
+} PyLongExport;
+
+typedef struct PyLongWriter PyLongWriter;
+
+static inline const PyLongLayout*
+PyLong_GetNativeLayout(void)
+{
+    static const PyLongLayout PyLong_LAYOUT = {
+        PyLong_SHIFT,
+        sizeof(digit),
+        -1,  // least significant first
+        PY_LITTLE_ENDIAN ? -1 : 1,
+    };
+
+    return &PyLong_LAYOUT;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyLong_Export(PyObject *obj, PyLongExport *export_long)
+{
+    if (!PyLong_Check(obj)) {
+        memset(export_long, 0, sizeof(*export_long));
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expected int, got %s",
+                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Fast-path: try to convert to a int64_t
+    PyLongObject *self = (PyLongObject*)obj;
+    int overflow;
+#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+    long value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(obj, &overflow);
+#else
+    // Windows has 32-bit long, so use 64-bit long long instead
+    long long value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(obj, &overflow);
+#endif
+    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(sizeof(value) == sizeof(int64_t));
+    // the function cannot fail since obj is a PyLongObject
+    assert(!(value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()));
+
+    if (!overflow) {
+        export_long->value = value;
+        export_long->negative = 0;
+        export_long->ndigits = 0;
+        export_long->digits = 0;
+        export_long->_reserved = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        export_long->value = 0;
+        export_long->negative = _PyLong_Sign(obj) < 0;
+        export_long->ndigits = _PyLong_DigitCount(self);
+        if (export_long->ndigits == 0) {
+            export_long->ndigits = 1;
+        }
+        export_long->digits = _PyLong_GetDigits(self);
+        export_long->_reserved = (Py_uintptr_t)Py_NewRef(obj);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void
+PyLong_FreeExport(PyLongExport *export_long)
+{
+    PyObject *obj = (PyObject*)export_long->_reserved;
+
+    if (obj) {
+        export_long->_reserved = 0;
+        Py_DECREF(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline PyLongWriter*
+PyLongWriter_Create(int negative, Py_ssize_t ndigits, void **digits)
+{
+    if (ndigits <= 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "ndigits must be positive");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    assert(digits != NULL);
+
+    PyLongObject *obj = _PyLong_New(ndigits);
+    if (obj == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    _PyLong_SetSignAndDigitCount(obj, negative?-1:1, ndigits);
+
+    *digits = _PyLong_GetDigits(obj);
+    return (PyLongWriter*)obj;
+}
+
+static inline void
+PyLongWriter_Discard(PyLongWriter *writer)
+{
+    PyLongObject *obj = (PyLongObject *)writer;
+
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1);
+    Py_DECREF(obj);
+}
+
+static inline PyObject*
+PyLongWriter_Finish(PyLongWriter *writer)
+{
+    PyObject *obj = (PyObject *)writer;
+    PyLongObject *self = (PyLongObject*)obj;
+    Py_ssize_t j = _PyLong_DigitCount(self);
+    Py_ssize_t i = j;
+    int sign = _PyLong_Sign(obj);
+
+    assert(Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1);
+
+    // Normalize and get singleton if possible
+    while (i > 0 && _PyLong_GetDigits(self)[i-1] == 0) {
+        --i;
+    }
+    if (i != j) {
+        if (i == 0) {
+            sign = 0;
+        }
+        _PyLong_SetSignAndDigitCount(self, sign, i);
+    }
+    if (i <= 1) {
+        long val = sign * (long)(_PyLong_GetDigits(self)[0]);
+        Py_DECREF(obj);
+        return PyLong_FromLong(val);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C00A3
+#  define Py_T_SHORT      T_SHORT
+#  define Py_T_INT        T_INT
+#  define Py_T_LONG       T_LONG
+#  define Py_T_FLOAT      T_FLOAT
+#  define Py_T_DOUBLE     T_DOUBLE
+#  define Py_T_STRING     T_STRING
+#  define _Py_T_OBJECT    T_OBJECT
+#  define Py_T_CHAR       T_CHAR
+#  define Py_T_BYTE       T_BYTE
+#  define Py_T_UBYTE      T_UBYTE
+#  define Py_T_USHORT     T_USHORT
+#  define Py_T_UINT       T_UINT
+#  define Py_T_ULONG      T_ULONG
+#  define Py_T_STRING_INPLACE  T_STRING_INPLACE
+#  define Py_T_BOOL       T_BOOL
+#  define Py_T_OBJECT_EX  T_OBJECT_EX
+#  define Py_T_LONGLONG   T_LONGLONG
+#  define Py_T_ULONGLONG  T_ULONGLONG
+#  define Py_T_PYSSIZET   T_PYSSIZET
+
+#  if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+#    define _Py_T_NONE      T_NONE
+#  endif
+
+#  define Py_READONLY            READONLY
+#  define Py_AUDIT_READ          READ_RESTRICTED
+#  define _Py_WRITE_RESTRICTED   PY_WRITE_RESTRICTED
+#endif
+
+
+// gh-127350 added Py_fopen() and Py_fclose() to Python 3.14a4
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00A4
+static inline FILE* Py_fopen(PyObject *path, const char *mode)
+{
+#if 0x030400A2 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    PyAPI_FUNC(FILE*) _Py_fopen_obj(PyObject *path, const char *mode);
+
+    return _Py_fopen_obj(path, mode);
+#else
+    FILE *f;
+    PyObject *bytes;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    if (!PyUnicode_FSConverter(path, &bytes)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    if (!PyString_Check(path)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "except str");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    bytes = Py_NewRef(path);
+#endif
+    const char *path_bytes = PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes);
+
+    f = fopen(path_bytes, mode);
+    Py_DECREF(bytes);
+
+    if (f == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyExc_OSError, path);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return f;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int Py_fclose(FILE *file)
+{
+    return fclose(file);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if 0x03090000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E0000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline PyObject*
+PyConfig_Get(const char *name)
+{
+    typedef enum {
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_INT,
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_UINT,
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_ULONG,
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_BOOL,
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_WSTR,
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_WSTR_OPT,
+        _PyConfig_MEMBER_WSTR_LIST,
+    } PyConfigMemberType;
+
+    typedef struct {
+        const char *name;
+        size_t offset;
+        PyConfigMemberType type;
+        const char *sys_attr;
+    } PyConfigSpec;
+
+#define PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(MEMBER, TYPE, sys_attr) \
+    {#MEMBER, offsetof(PyConfig, MEMBER), \
+     _PyConfig_MEMBER_##TYPE, sys_attr}
+
+    static const PyConfigSpec config_spec[] = {
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(argv, WSTR_LIST, "argv"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(base_exec_prefix, WSTR_OPT, "base_exec_prefix"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(base_executable, WSTR_OPT, "_base_executable"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(base_prefix, WSTR_OPT, "base_prefix"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(bytes_warning, UINT, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(exec_prefix, WSTR_OPT, "exec_prefix"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(executable, WSTR_OPT, "executable"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(inspect, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030C0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(int_max_str_digits, UINT, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(interactive, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(module_search_paths, WSTR_LIST, "path"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(optimization_level, UINT, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(parser_debug, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(platlibdir, WSTR, "platlibdir"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(prefix, WSTR_OPT, "prefix"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(pycache_prefix, WSTR_OPT, "pycache_prefix"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(quiet, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030B0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(stdlib_dir, WSTR_OPT, "_stdlib_dir"),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(use_environment, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(verbose, UINT, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(warnoptions, WSTR_LIST, "warnoptions"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(write_bytecode, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(xoptions, WSTR_LIST, "_xoptions"),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(buffered_stdio, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(check_hash_pycs_mode, WSTR, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030B0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(code_debug_ranges, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(configure_c_stdio, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030D0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(cpu_count, INT, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(dev_mode, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(dump_refs, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030B0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(dump_refs_file, WSTR_OPT, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(enable_gil, INT, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(faulthandler, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(filesystem_encoding, WSTR, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(filesystem_errors, WSTR, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(hash_seed, ULONG, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(home, WSTR_OPT, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(import_time, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(install_signal_handlers, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(isolated, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(legacy_windows_stdio, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(malloc_stats, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030A0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(orig_argv, WSTR_LIST, "orig_argv"),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(parse_argv, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(pathconfig_warnings, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030C0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(perf_profiling, UINT, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(program_name, WSTR, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(run_command, WSTR_OPT, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(run_filename, WSTR_OPT, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(run_module, WSTR_OPT, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030B0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(safe_path, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(show_ref_count, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(site_import, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(skip_source_first_line, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(stdio_encoding, WSTR, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(stdio_errors, WSTR, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(tracemalloc, UINT, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030B0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(use_frozen_modules, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(use_hash_seed, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(user_site_directory, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#if 0x030A0000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX
+        PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC(warn_default_encoding, BOOL, _Py_NULL),
+#endif
+    };
+
+#undef PYTHONCAPI_COMPAT_SPEC
+
+    const PyConfigSpec *spec;
+    int found = 0;
+    for (size_t i=0; i < sizeof(config_spec) / sizeof(config_spec[0]); i++) {
+        spec = &config_spec[i];
+        if (strcmp(spec->name, name) == 0) {
+            found = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (found) {
+        if (spec->sys_attr != NULL) {
+            PyObject *value = PySys_GetObject(spec->sys_attr);
+            if (value == NULL) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.%s", spec->sys_attr);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            return Py_NewRef(value);
+        }
+
+        PyAPI_FUNC(const PyConfig*) _Py_GetConfig(void);
+
+        const PyConfig *config = _Py_GetConfig();
+        void *member = (char *)config + spec->offset;
+        switch (spec->type) {
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_INT:
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_UINT:
+        {
+            int value = *(int *)member;
+            return PyLong_FromLong(value);
+        }
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_BOOL:
+        {
+            int value = *(int *)member;
+            return PyBool_FromLong(value != 0);
+        }
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_ULONG:
+        {
+            unsigned long value = *(unsigned long *)member;
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(value);
+        }
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_WSTR:
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_WSTR_OPT:
+        {
+            wchar_t *wstr = *(wchar_t **)member;
+            if (wstr != NULL) {
+                return PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, -1);
+            }
+            else {
+                return Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+            }
+        }
+        case _PyConfig_MEMBER_WSTR_LIST:
+        {
+            const PyWideStringList *list = (const PyWideStringList *)member;
+            PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(list->length);
+            if (tuple == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < list->length; i++) {
+                PyObject *item = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(list->items[i], -1);
+                if (item == NULL) {
+                    Py_DECREF(tuple);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, item);
+            }
+            return tuple;
+        }
+        default:
+            Py_UNREACHABLE();
+        }
+    }
+
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "unknown config option name: %s", name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyConfig_GetInt(const char *name, int *value)
+{
+    PyObject *obj = PyConfig_Get(name);
+    if (obj == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!PyLong_Check(obj)) {
+        Py_DECREF(obj);
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "config option %s is not an int", name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int as_int = PyLong_AsInt(obj);
+    Py_DECREF(obj);
+    if (as_int == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                     "config option %s value does not fit into a C int", name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *value = as_int;
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif  // PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x03090000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+
+// gh-133144 added PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced() to Python 3.14.0b1.
+// Adapted from  _PyObject_IsUniquelyReferenced() implementation.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030E00B0
+static inline int PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(PyObject *obj)
+{
+#if !defined(Py_GIL_DISABLED)
+    return Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1;
+#else
+    // NOTE: the entire ob_ref_shared field must be zero, including flags, to
+    // ensure that other threads cannot concurrently create new references to
+    // this object.
+    return (_Py_IsOwnedByCurrentThread(obj) &&
+            _Py_atomic_load_uint32_relaxed(&obj->ob_ref_local) == 1 &&
+            _Py_atomic_load_ssize_relaxed(&obj->ob_ref_shared) == 0);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030F0000
+static inline PyObject*
+PySys_GetAttrString(const char *name)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    PyObject *value = Py_XNewRef(PySys_GetObject(name));
+#else
+    PyObject *value = Py_XNewRef(PySys_GetObject((char*)name));
+#endif
+    if (value != NULL) {
+        return value;
+    }
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.%s", name);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline PyObject*
+PySys_GetAttr(PyObject *name)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    const char *name_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
+#else
+    const char *name_str = PyString_AsString(name);
+#endif
+    if (name_str == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return PySys_GetAttrString(name_str);
+}
+
+static inline int
+PySys_GetOptionalAttrString(const char *name, PyObject **value)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    *value = Py_XNewRef(PySys_GetObject(name));
+#else
+    *value = Py_XNewRef(PySys_GetObject((char*)name));
+#endif
+    if (*value != NULL) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PySys_GetOptionalAttr(PyObject *name, PyObject **value)
+{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+    const char *name_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
+#else
+    const char *name_str = PyString_AsString(name);
+#endif
+    if (name_str == NULL) {
+        *value = NULL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return PySys_GetOptionalAttrString(name_str, value);
+}
+#endif  // PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030F00A1
+
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif