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{{< product-name >}} writes data to multiple Write-Ahead-Log (WAL) files on local
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In {{< product-name >}}, all measurements are stored in
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[Apache Parquet](https://parquet.apache.org/) files that represent a
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point-in-time snapshot of the data. The Parquet files are immutable and are
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never replaced nor modified. Parquet files are stored in object storage.
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<spanid="influxdb-catalog"></span>
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The _InfluxDB catalog_ is a relational, PostreSQL-compatible database that
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contains references to all Parquet files in object storage and is used as an
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index to find the appropriate Parquet files for a particular set of data.
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never replaced nor modified. Parquet files are stored in object storage and
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referenced in the [Catalog](/influxdb/cloud-dedicated/reference/internals/storage-engine/#catalog), which InfluxDB uses to find the appropriate Parquet files for a particular set of data.
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### Data deletion
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When data is deleted or when the retention period is reached for data within
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a database, the associated Parquet files are marked as deleted _in the catalog_,
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but the actual Parquet files are _not removed from object storage_.
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All queries filter out data that has been marked as deleted.
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Parquet files remain in object storage for approximately 100 days after the
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youngest data in the Parquet file ages out of retention.
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When data is deleted or expires (reaches the database's [retention period](/influxdb/cloud-dedicated/reference/internals/data-retention/#database-retention-period)), InfluxDB performs the following steps:
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1. Marks the associated Parquet files as deleted in the catalog.
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2. Filters out data marked for deletion from all queries.
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3. Retains Parquet files marked for deletion in object storage for approximately 30 days after the youngest data in the file ages out of retention.
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## Data ingest
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When data is written to {{< product-name >}}, the data is first written to a
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Write-Ahead-Log (WAL) on locally-attached storage on the ingester node before
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the write request is acknowledged. After acknowledging the write request, the
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ingester holds the data in memory temporarily and then writes the contents of
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the WAL to Parquet files in object storage and updates the InfluxDB catalog to
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reference the newly created Parquet files. If an ingester is gracefully shut
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When data is written to {{< product-name >}}, InfluxDB first writes the data to a
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Write-Ahead-Log (WAL) on locallyattached storage on the [Ingester](/influxdb/cloud-dedicated/reference/internals/storage-engine/#ingester) node before
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acknowledging the write request. After acknowledging the write request, the
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Ingester holds the data in memory temporarily and then writes the contents of
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the WAL to Parquet files in object storage and updates the [Catalog](/influxdb/cloud-dedicated/reference/internals/storage-engine/#catalog) to
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reference the newly created Parquet files. If an Ingester node is gracefully shut
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down (for example, during a new software deployment), it flushes the contents of
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the WAL to the Parquet files before shutting down.
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## Backups
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{{< product-name >}} implements the following data backup strategies:
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-**Backup of WAL file**: The WAL file is written on locally-attached storage.
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-**Backup of WAL file**: The WAL file is written on locallyattached storage.
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If an ingester process fails, the new ingester simply reads the WAL file on
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startup and continues normal operation. WAL files are maintained until their
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contents have been written to the Parquet files in object storage.
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they are redundantly stored on multiple devices across a minimum of three
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availability zones in a cloud region. Parquet files associated with each
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database are kept in object storage for the duration of database retention period
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plus an additional time period (approximately 100 days).
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plus an additional time period (approximately 30 days).
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-**Backup of catalog**: InfluxData keeps a transaction log of all recent updates
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to the [InfluxDB catalog](#influxdb-catalog) and generates a daily backup of
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the catalog. Backups are preserved for at least 100 days in object storage across a minimum
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to the [InfluxDB catalog](/influxdb/cloud-dedicated/reference/internals/storage-engine/#catalog) and generates a daily backup of
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the catalog. Backups are preserved for at least 30 days in object storage across a minimum
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of three availability zones.
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## Recovery
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-**Recovery of Parquet files**: {{< product-name >}} uses the provided object
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storage data durability to recover Parquet files.
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-**Recovery of the catalog**: InfluxData can restore the InfluxDB catalog to
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the most recent daily backup of the catalog and then reapply any transactions
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-**Recovery of the catalog**: InfluxData can restore the [Catalog](/influxdb/cloud-dedicated/reference/internals/storage-engine/#catalog) to
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the most recent daily backup and then reapply any transactions
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