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‎docs/cost-estimate/01-introduction.md‎

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# Leios Node Operating Costs Analysis
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## Overview
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This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the costs associated with running a Leios node.
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## Cost Items
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| Cost Item | Unit | Description |
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|-----------|------|-------------|
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| Compute (vCPU) | $/vCPU/h | Cost per virtual CPU per hour |
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| Compute (RAM) | $/GB/h | Cost per gigabyte of RAM per hour |
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| Storage (SSD) | $/GiB/mo | Cost per gibibyte of SSD storage per month |
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| Egress | $/GiB | Cost per gibibyte of data transferred out |
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| Ingress | $/GiB | Cost per gibibyte of data transferred in (if applicable) |
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> [!Note]
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> Storage and data transfer use binary prefixes (GiB = 2³⁰ bytes), while RAM uses decimal prefixes (GB = 10⁹ bytes), following industry standards for cloud computing.
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## Total Cost Analysis
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This section provides a consolidated view of the three major cost components (vCPU, storage, and egress) for running a Leios node across different IB/s rates.
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> [!Important]
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> Storage costs accumulate over time as blockchain data grows. The monthly view below shows only the incremental storage cost for that month, while the yearly view accounts for the total accumulated storage costs.
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### Monthly Total Cost by Cloud Provider ($)
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| Provider | IB/s | vCPU | Storage | Egress | Total | Notes |
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|------------|------|------|---------|---------|-------|-------|
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| AWS | 1 | $124.10 | $4.72 | $172.80 | $301.62 | c6i, US East |
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| | 5 | $248.20 | $22.84 | $816.30 | $1,087.34 | |
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| | 10 | $496.40 | $45.50 | $1,625.40| $2,167.30 | |
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| | 20 | $992.80 | $90.82 | $3,243.60| $4,327.22 | |
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| | 30 | $1,985.60| $136.13 | $4,862.70| $6,984.43 | |
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| GCP | 1 | $152.35 | $2.36 | $230.40 | $385.11 | c2/n2, US Central1 |
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| | 5 | $304.78 | $11.42 | $1,088.40| $1,404.60 | |
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| | 10 | $609.48 | $22.75 | $2,167.20| $2,799.43 | |
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| | 20 | $1,219.04| $45.41 | $4,325.40| $5,589.85 | |
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| | 30 | $2,437.92| $68.07 | $6,483.60| $8,989.59 | |
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| Azure | 1 | $123.37 | $4.42 | $167.04 | $294.83 | Fsv2, East US |
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| | 5 | $246.74 | $21.42 | $788.73 | $1,056.89 | |
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| | 10 | $494.21 | $42.66 | $1,570.89| $2,107.76 | |
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| | 20 | $988.42 | $85.14 | $3,135.09| $4,208.65 | |
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| | 30 | $1,976.84| $127.63 | $4,699.29| $6,803.76 | |
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| DigitalOcean| 1 | $84.00 | $5.90 | $19.20 | $109.10 | CPU-Optimized |
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| | 5 | $168.00 | $28.55 | $90.70 | $287.25 | |
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| | 10 | $336.00 | $56.88 | $180.60 | $573.48 | |
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| | 20 | $672.00 | $113.52 | $360.40 | $1,145.92| |
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| | 30 | $1,344.00| $170.17 | $540.30 | $2,054.47| |
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| Hetzner | 1 | $17.80 | $2.71 | $2.07 | $22.58 | CPX |
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| | 5 | $32.90 | $13.13 | $9.80 | $55.83 | |
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| | 10 | $65.30 | $26.16 | $19.50 | $110.96| |
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| | 20 | $130.60 | $52.22 | $38.92 | $221.74| |
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| | 30 | $261.20 | $78.28 | $58.35 | $397.83| |
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### Yearly Total Cost by Cloud Provider ($)
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| Provider | IB/s | vCPU | Storage | Egress | Total | Notes |
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|------------|------|------|---------|---------|-------|-------|
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| AWS | 1 | $1,489.20 | $56.64 | $2,073.60 | $3,619.44 | c6i, US East |
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| | 5 | $2,978.40 | $274.08 | $9,795.60 | $13,048.08 | |
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| | 10 | $5,956.80 | $546.00 | $19,504.80| $26,007.60 | |
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| | 20 | $11,913.60| $1,089.84| $38,923.20| $51,926.64 | |
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| | 30 | $23,827.20| $1,633.56| $58,352.40| $83,813.16 | |
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| GCP | 1 | $1,828.20 | $28.32 | $2,764.80 | $4,621.32 | c2/n2, US Central1 |
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| | 5 | $3,657.36 | $137.04 | $13,060.80| $16,855.20 | |
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| | 10 | $7,313.76 | $273.00 | $26,006.40| $33,593.16 | |
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| | 20 | $14,628.48| $544.92 | $51,904.80| $67,078.20 | |
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| | 30 | $29,255.04| $816.84 | $77,803.20| $107,875.08| |
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| Azure | 1 | $1,480.44 | $53.04 | $2,004.48 | $3,537.96 | Fsv2, East US |
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| | 5 | $2,960.88 | $257.04 | $9,464.76 | $12,682.68 | |
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| | 10 | $5,930.52 | $511.92 | $18,850.68| $25,293.12 | |
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| | 20 | $11,861.04| $1,021.68| $37,621.08| $50,503.80 | |
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| | 30 | $23,722.08| $1,531.56| $56,391.48| $81,645.12 | |
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| DigitalOcean| 1 | $1,008.00 | $70.80 | $230.40 | $1,309.20 | CPU-Optimized |
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| | 5 | $2,016.00 | $342.60 | $1,088.40 | $3,447.00 | |
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| | 10 | $4,032.00 | $682.56 | $2,167.20 | $6,881.76 | |
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| | 20 | $8,064.00 | $1,362.24| $4,324.80 | $13,751.04| |
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| | 30 | $16,128.00| $2,042.04| $6,483.60 | $24,653.64| |
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| Hetzner | 1 | $213.60 | $32.52 | $24.84 | $270.96 | CPX |
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| | 5 | $394.80 | $157.56 | $117.60 | $669.96 | |
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| | 10 | $783.60 | $313.92 | $234.00 | $1,331.52| |
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| | 20 | $1,567.20 | $626.64 | $467.04 | $2,660.88| |
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| | 30 | $3,134.40 | $939.36 | $700.20 | $4,773.96| |
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> [!Note]
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> - Costs are based on on-demand pricing in US regions
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> - vCPU costs assume compute-optimized instances
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> - Storage costs include both chain state and ledger state, accumulating over time
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> - Egress costs assume 20 peers with 100% header propagation and 25% body requests
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> - Total costs may be reduced through:
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> - Reserved instances or longer-term commitments
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> - Volume discounts
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> - Regional pricing variations
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> - Spot/preemptible instances where available
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### Cost Breakdown by Component (%)
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#### Monthly
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| IB/s | vCPU | Storage | Egress |
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|------|------|---------|---------|
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| 1 | 41% | 2% | 57% |
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| 5 | 23% | 2% | 75% |
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| 10 | 23% | 2% | 75% |
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| 20 | 23% | 2% | 75% |
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| 30 | 28% | 2% | 70% |
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#### Yearly
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| IB/s | vCPU | Storage | Egress |
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|------|------|---------|---------|
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| 1 | 41% | 2% | 57% |
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| 5 | 23% | 2% | 75% |
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| 10 | 22% | 2% | 76% |
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| 20 | 23% | 2% | 75% |
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| 30 | 28% | 2% | 70% |
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> [!Note]
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> - Percentages are averages across all providers
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> - Egress remains the dominant cost component
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> - Storage costs remain relatively small even when accumulated over a year
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> - vCPU costs become more significant at higher IB/s rates
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> - Hetzner's significantly lower costs are primarily due to their competitive egress pricing

‎docs/cost-estimate/02-compute-cpu.md‎

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# Compute (CPU) cost estimation per node
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> [!Note]
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> This analysis assumes fully utilized block space for conservative upper bound estimation, similar to the egress analysis. We'll calculate CPU requirements at different IB/s rates.
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## Base Parameters
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- Stage length: 20 slots (1 second per slot)
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- EBs per stage: 1.5 (average)
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- RBs per stage: 1
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- Average tx size: 1,400 bytes (from mainnet data)
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- IB body max size: 98,304 bytes (96 KiB)
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- Transactions per IB: ~70 (98,304/1,400)
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## CPU Time Calculation per Second (1 IB/s scenario)
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### Input Block Processing
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- IB Header validation: 1ms × 1 IB = 1ms
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- IB Body validation: (50ms + 98,304×0.0005ms) × 1 IB = 99.15ms
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- Transaction validation: 1.5ms × 70 txs = 105ms
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Subtotal: 205.15ms
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### Endorser Block Processing (1.5 EBs per stage)
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- EB validation: 1ms × 1.5 EBs/20s = 0.075ms
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Subtotal: 0.075ms
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### Vote Processing (500 votes per stage)
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- Vote validation: 0.816ms × 500 votes/20s = 20.4ms
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Subtotal: 20.4ms
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### Certificate Processing (1 per stage)
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- Certificate validation: 130ms/20s = 6.5ms
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Subtotal: 6.5ms
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Total CPU time per second: ~232ms (23.2% of one CPU core)
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## CPU Utilization at Different IB Rates
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| IB/s | CPU Time/s | Min Cores Needed | Recommended Cores |
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|------|------------|------------------|-------------------|
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| 1 | 232ms | 1 | 2 |
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| 5 | 1,160ms | 2 | 4 |
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| 10 | 2,320ms | 3 | 6 |
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| 20 | 4,640ms | 5 | 8 |
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| 30 | 6,960ms | 7 | 16 |
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> [!Note]
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> - "Min Cores Needed" is calculated by dividing total CPU time by 1000ms and rounding up
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> - "Recommended Cores" adds redundancy for spikes and other node operations
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> - This assumes even distribution of work and perfect parallelization, which is optimistic
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## Monthly Cost by Cloud Provider ($)
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Using standard compute-optimized instances:
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| Provider | 2 Core | 4 Core | 8 Core | 16 Core | Notes |
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|------------|--------|--------|--------|---------|-------|
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| AWS c6i | $62.05 | $124.10| $248.20| $496.40 | On-demand, US East |
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| GCP c2/n2 | $52.34 | $152.35| $304.78| $609.48 | On-demand, US Central1, 2-core uses n2-highcpu-2 |
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| Azure Fsv2 | $61.76 | $123.37| $246.74| $494.21 | On-demand, East US |
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| DO CPU-Opt | $42.00 | $84.00 | $168.00| $336.00 | Regular pricing |
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| Linode | $36.00 | $60.00 | $120.00| $240.00 | Standard pricing |
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| Hetzner | $5.40 | $17.80 | $32.90 | $65.30 | Standard pricing |
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> [!Note]
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> - Prices are for US regions and may vary by location
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> - Assumes dedicated compute-optimized instances
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> - Does not include potential savings from reserved instances or spot pricing
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> - Memory requirements not considered (typically sufficient in compute-optimized instances)
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## Recommendations
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1. For 1-5 IB/s: 4 cores should be sufficient ($60-$152/month)
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2. For 5-15 IB/s: 8 cores recommended ($120-$305/month)
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3. For 15-30 IB/s: 16 cores recommended ($240-$609/month)
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4. Above 30 IB/s: Consider multiple nodes or higher-end instances
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Key considerations:
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- These calculations assume perfect parallelization which is optimistic
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- Real-world performance may require more cores due to:
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- Network stack overhead
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- OS operations
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- Uneven workload distribution
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- Memory bandwidth limitations
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- Other node operations not included in calculation
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## Compute Cost Sources
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| Provider | Instance Type | Source | Last Updated |
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|----------|--------------|---------|--------------|
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| AWS | c6i | https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/on-demand/ | Apr 2025 |
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| GCP | c2/n2 | https://cloud.google.com/compute/vm-instance-pricing | Apr 2025 |
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| Azure | Fsv2 | https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/virtual-machines/series/ | Apr 2025 |
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| DigitalOcean | CPU-Optimized | https://www.digitalocean.com/pricing/compute | Apr 2025 |
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| Linode | Dedicated CPU | https://www.linode.com/pricing/ | Apr 2025 |
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| Hetzner | CPX | https://www.hetzner.com/cloud/pricing | Apr 2025 |
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Note: Prices shown are for US regions and may vary by location. Many providers offer significant discounts for reserved instances or longer-term commitments. The table shows standard on-demand rates for compute-optimized instances.

‎docs/cost-estimate/04-storage.md‎

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# Storage cost estimation per node
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> [!Note]
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> **100% filled blocks assumption:**
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>
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> This analysis assumes fully utilized block space for both Ouroboros Praos and Leios protocols, similar to the egress analysis. We'll calculate storage requirements at different IB/s rates.
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## Praos Baseline Storage
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Current Praos storage requirements per node:
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- Block size: 88,908 bytes (87,884 body + 1,024 header)
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- Block frequency: 0.05 blocks/slot
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- Slots per month: 2,592,000 (30 days * 86,400 slots/day)
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- Total blocks: 129,600 (0.05 * 2,592,000)
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- Raw storage: 129,600 * 88,908 = 11.52 GiB/month
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- Compressed (79%): 2.42 GiB/month
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## Leios Storage Components
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### Base Parameters
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### Block Sizes
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- Input Block (IB): 98,304 bytes (96 KiB)
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- Endorsement Block (EB): 32 bytes per IB reference
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- Ranking Block (RB): 90,112 bytes (88 KiB)
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- Average transaction size: 1,400 bytes (from mainnet data)
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- Transactions per IB: ~70 (98,304/1,400)
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### Time Parameters
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- Seconds per month: 2,592,000 (30 days)
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- Stage length: 20 slots
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- EBs per stage: 1.5
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- RBs per stage: 1 (every 20 slots)
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## Storage Components
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### 1. Ledger State (UTXO Set)
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- Base ledger size: 200 GB (current Cardano mainnet)
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- Growth rate depends on transaction volume
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- Compression ratio: ~79% (based on historical data)
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### 2. Chain State (Transaction History)
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#### Input Blocks (IB)
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- Header: 304 bytes
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- Body: 98,304 bytes
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- Total per IB: 98,608 bytes
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#### Endorsement Blocks (EB)
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- Header: 240 bytes
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- Body: 32 bytes per IB reference
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- Total per EB: 240 + (32 × number of IB references)
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#### Votes
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- Size: 150 bytes per vote
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- Votes per pipeline: 600
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- Votes per EB: 900 (600 × 1.5 EBs)
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#### Ranking Blocks (RB)
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- Header: 1,024 bytes
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- Body: 90,112 bytes
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- Total per RB: 91,136 bytes
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## Monthly Storage Analysis
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### Example Calculation (1 IB/s)
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```
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IB Storage: 2,592,000 seconds × 98,608 bytes = 244.31 GiB
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EB Storage: 2,592,000 seconds × (240 + 32) bytes × 1.5 EBs = 1.05 GiB
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Vote Storage: 194,400 seconds × 150 bytes × 900 votes = 24.38 GiB
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RB Storage: 129,600 seconds × 91,136 bytes = 11.02 GiB
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Total Raw: 280.76 GiB
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Compressed (79%): 58.96 GiB
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```
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### Monthly Storage per Node
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| IB/s | Chain State Raw | Chain State Compressed (79%) | Ledger State | Total Storage | vs Praos (11.52 GiB) |
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|------|----------------|----------------------------|--------------|---------------|---------------------|
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| 1 | 280.76 GiB | 58.96 GiB | 200 GiB | 258.96 GiB | +2,337% |
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| 5 | 1,359.72 GiB | 285.54 GiB | 200 GiB | 485.54 GiB | +4,114% |
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| 10 | 2,708.42 GiB | 568.77 GiB | 200 GiB | 768.77 GiB | +6,572% |
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| 20 | 5,405.82 GiB | 1,135.22 GiB | 200 GiB | 1,335.22 GiB | +11,490% |
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| 30 | 8,103.22 GiB | 1,701.68 GiB | 200 GiB | 1,901.68 GiB | +16,408% |
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> [!Note]
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> - Percentage increases are calculated against uncompressed Praos baseline of 11.52 GiB/month
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> - While Leios chain state can potentially be compressed (shown in the "Chain State Compressed" column), current Cardano nodes do not compress chain state
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> - Compression ratio of 79% is based on research findings from the technical report using xz -9 compression on historical mainnet data
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> - Actual compression ratios may vary for future blocks and transactions
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## Cost Analysis
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### Monthly Cost by Cloud Provider ($)
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| Provider | Price/GB | Free Allowance (GB) | 1 IB/s (58.96 GB) | 5 IB/s (285.54 GB) | 10 IB/s (568.77 GB) | 20 IB/s (1,135.22 GB) | 30 IB/s (1,701.68 GB) |
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|------------------|----------|---------------------|-------------------|--------------------|---------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
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| Google Cloud | $0.040 | 0 | $2.36 | $11.42 | $22.75 | $45.41 | $68.07 |
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| Railway | $0.150 | 0 | $8.84 | $42.83 | $85.32 | $170.28 | $255.25 |
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| AWS | $0.080 | 100 | $4.72 | $22.84 | $45.50 | $90.82 | $136.13 |
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| Microsoft Azure | $0.075 | 100 | $4.42 | $21.42 | $42.66 | $85.14 | $127.63 |
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| Alibaba Cloud | $0.050 | 10 | $2.95 | $14.28 | $28.44 | $56.76 | $85.08 |
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| DigitalOcean | $0.100 | 100–10,000 | $5.90 | $28.55 | $56.88 | $113.52 | $170.17 |
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| Oracle Cloud | $0.0425 | 10,240 | $2.51 | $12.14 | $24.17 | $48.25 | $72.32 |
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| Linode | $0.100 | 1,024–20,480 | $5.90 | $28.55 | $56.88 | $113.52 | $170.17 |
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| Hetzner | $0.046 | 0 | $2.71 | $13.13 | $26.16 | $52.22 | $78.28 |
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| UpCloud | $0.056 | 1,024–24,576 | $3.30 | $15.99 | $31.85 | $63.57 | $95.29 |
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### Notes
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- **Compressed Storage Sizes**: 1 IB/s = 58.96 GB, 5 IB/s = 285.54 GB, 10 IB/s = 568.77 GB, 20 IB/s = 1,135.22 GB, 30 IB/s = 1,701.68 GB
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- **Pricing Sources**: Updated from official provider websites as of April 1, 2025 (e.g., Hetzner at $0.046/GB from €0.044/GB at €1 = $1.05)
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- **Free Allowances**: Listed for reference but not applied to reduce costs in this table
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- **Currency**: All costs in USD, with Hetzner converted from euros using an estimated exchange rate of €1 = $1.05
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## Storage Cost Sources
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| Provider | Price/GB | Source | Last Updated |
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|----------|----------|---------|--------------|
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| Google Cloud | $0.040 | https://cloud.google.com/compute/disks-image-pricing | Feb 2025 |
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| Railway | $0.150 | https://railway.app/pricing | - |
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| AWS | $0.080 | https://aws.amazon.com/ebs/pricing/ | 2023 |
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| Microsoft Azure | $0.075 | https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/managed-disks/ | Dec 2024 |
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| Alibaba Cloud | $0.050 | https://www.alibabacloud.com/pricing | 2024 |
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| DigitalOcean | $0.100 | https://www.digitalocean.com/pricing/ | - |
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| Oracle Cloud | $0.0425 | https://www.oracle.com/cloud/pricing/ | Dec 2024 |
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| Linode | $0.100 | https://www.linode.com/pricing/ | Apr 2023 |
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| Hetzner | $0.046 | https://www.hetzner.com/cloud/pricing | 2024 |
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| UpCloud | $0.056 | https://upcloud.com/pricing/ | - |
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Note: Prices may vary by region and volume. Some providers offer free tiers or volume discounts not reflected in these base rates. The table shows the standard storage rates for the most commonly used regions.

‎docs/egress-node-traffic-analysis.md‎ renamed to ‎docs/cost-estimate/05-egress.md‎

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