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This week, the Leios team achieved significant milestones in protocol development and analysis, successfully demonstrating high-throughput capabilities and exploring new protocol variants. The team completed comprehensive experiments with the Stracciatella variant, conducted analytical analysis of Linear Leios throughput efficiency, and implemented new simulation capabilities.
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This week, the Leios team achieved significant milestones in protocol development and analysis, successfully demonstrating high-throughput capabilities and exploring new protocol variants. The team conducted comprehensive experiments with the Stracciatella variant, analyzed the Linear Leios throughput efficiency, and implemented new simulation capabilities.
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## High-throughput demonstration
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-Successfully completed experiments demonstrating 1,000+ TPS capability with the Stracciatella variant of Leios.
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- Achieved spatial efficiency better than 95% with transaction lifecycle times under two minutes.
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- Validated protocol performance under extreme throughput conditions significantly beyond current Cardano capacity.
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-Completed experiments demonstrating over 1,000 TPS capability with the Stracciatella variant of Leios
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- Achieved spatial efficiency above 95% with transaction lifecycle times under two minutes
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- Validated protocol performance under extreme throughput conditions well beyond the current Cardano capacity
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- Documented detailed findings in the [Stracciatella analysis notebook](https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-leios/blob/main/analysis/sims/2025w28/analysis-stracciatella.ipynb).
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## Protocol variants analysis
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### Stracciatella variant
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- Completed comprehensive analysis of the Stracciatella variant (no IBs, transaction references in EBs, two-stage pipeline).
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- Completed a comprehensive analysis of the Stracciatella variant (no IBs, transaction references in EBs, two-stage pipeline)
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- Key findings:
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- 5slot/stage performs less well but scales better than 8slot/stage.
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- Only minimal fraction of transactions fail to reach ledger, likely due to EB expiration.
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- Network usage is slightly heavy while CPU usage appears suspiciously light.
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- Congestion appears at 1,000+ TPS throughput levels.
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- 5-slot/stage performs less well but scales better than 8-slot/stage
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- Only a minimal fraction of transactions fail to reach the ledger, likely due to EB expiration
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- Network usage is slightly heavy, while CPU usage appears suspiciously light
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- Congestion begins to appear at throughput levels above 1,000 TPS.
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### Linear Leios throughput efficiency
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- Conducted analytical analysis of Linear Leios variant's probability of including certified EBs on-chain.
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- Results show Linear Leios could achieve approximately 500 times the throughput of Praos at over 50% network resource efficiency.
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- 500 times Praos throughput would exceed 1,000 historically typical transactions per second.
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- Conducted an analysis of the Linear Leios variant's probability of including certified EBs on-chain
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- Results show Linear Leios could achieve approximately 500 times the throughput of Praos at over 50% network resource efficiency
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- 500 times Praos throughput would exceed 1,000 historically typical transactions per second
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- Generated comprehensive throughput and efficiency visualizations available in the [analysis repository](https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-leios/blob/main/analysis/).
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### Rust simulation
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- Implemented first pass at Linear Leios variant in Rust simulation.
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- Enhanced simulation capabilities for protocol variant testing and analysis.
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- Continued optimization of simulation performance for high-throughput scenarios.
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- Implemented a first pass of the Linear Leios variant in the Rust simulation
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- Enhanced simulation capabilities to support protocol variant testing and analysis
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- Continued optimizing simulation performance for high-throughput scenarios.
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### Small transaction experiments
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- Completed analysis of small-transaction, high-throughput experiments with 300-byte non-Plutus transactions.
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- Completed the analysis of small-transaction, high-throughput experiments with 300-byte non-Plutus transactions
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- Key findings:
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- 1,000 tx/s with 300 B/tx is feasible in Leios variants.
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- Clear time vs space tradeoff between variants.
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-`full-with-ib-references` uses space more efficiently than `full-without-ibs`.
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-`full-without-ibs` has shorter transaction lifecycle than `full-with-ib-references`.
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- 2 CPU cores are sufficient for high-throughput operation.
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- Network usage remains modest under high load.
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- Supporting materials available in [analysis documentation](https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-leios/blob/main/analysis/sims/2025w28/ReadMe.pdf) and [analysis notebook](https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-leios/blob/main/analysis/sims/2025w28/analysis.ipynb).
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- 1,000 tx/s with 300 B/tx is feasible in Leios variants
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- Clear time–space tradeoff between variants
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-`full-with-ib-references` uses space more efficiently than `full-without-ibs`
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-`full-without-ibs` has a shorter transaction lifecycle than `full-with-ib-references`
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- 2 CPU cores are sufficient for high-throughput operation
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- Network usage remains modest under high load
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- Supporting materials are available in [analysis documentation](https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-leios/blob/main/analysis/sims/2025w28/ReadMe.pdf) and [analysis notebook](https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-leios/blob/main/analysis/sims/2025w28/analysis.ipynb).
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## Next steps
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- Continue investigation of protocol variants for CIP convergence.
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- Expand simulation capabilities for additional protocol variants.
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- Refine performance optimization strategies for high-throughput scenarios.
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- Continue investigation of protocol variants for CIP convergence
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- Expand simulation capabilities for additional protocol variants
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- Refine performance optimization strategies for high-throughput scenarios
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- Complete documentation of protocol variant comparisons and recommendations.
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