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@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ To address this challenge, we propose a transition to Ouroboros Leios — a nove
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Leios achieves its scalability through a decoupled block production and aggregation mechanism. This allows for a higher rate of input-block generation, followed by efficient endorsement and anchoring onto the main chain. This document formally specifies the Leios protocol using Agda and provides a detailed rationale and supporting evidence demonstrating its efficacy in overcoming the throughput limitations inherent in the current Ouroboros Praos protocol.
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> [!NOTE]
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> For comprehensive research documentation, development history, and additional technical resources, visit the [Leios R&D website](https://leios.cardano-scaling.org/).
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<details>
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<summary><h2>Table of contents</h2></summary>
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<strong><fontcolor="red">Create a table of contents with internal hyperlinks when the organization of the document is stable.</font></strong>
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4.**Endorse** - EBs generated at stage start
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5.**Vote** - voting on EBs and certificate creation
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**Input Blocks (IBs)**: Transaction-containing blocks produced at a uniform rate during the "Propose" stage of each [pipeline](#pipeline). IBs are generated by stake pools that win VRF-based [sortition](#sortition), with the protocol utilizing approximately one-third of available network bandwidth for IB traffic. Multiple IBs can be produced concurrently across the network.
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##### Five-Stage Pipeline
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The protocol operates through a structured five-stage pipeline: (1) **Propose** - IBs generated uniformly, (2) **Deliver 1** - IB diffusion using freshest-first strategy, (3) **Deliver 2** - complete IB delivery, (4) **Endorse** - EBs generated at stage start, (5) **Vote** - voting on EBs and certificate creation. This pipeline approach enables concurrent transaction processing while maintaining deterministic ordering and conflict resolution.
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**Endorser Blocks (EBs)**: Aggregation blocks that reference multiple IBs from the current pipeline. EBs are produced at the beginning of the "Endorse" stage by selected stake pools. An EB represents a consensus view of which IBs should be included in the permanent ledger, referencing all IBs that were delivered by specific pipeline deadlines.
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##### Input Blocks (IBs)
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Transaction-containing blocks produced at a uniform rate during the "Propose" stage of each [pipeline](#pipeline). IBs are generated by stake pools that win VRF-based [sortition](#sortition), with the protocol utilizing approximately one-third of available network bandwidth for IB traffic. Multiple IBs can be produced concurrently across the network.
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**Votes and Certificates**: During the "Vote" stage, stake pools [vote](#vote) on EBs if they meet strict criteria: all referenced IBs must be available, all IBs seen by the "Deliver 1" deadline must be referenced, and all referenced IBs must validate. When enough votes are collected (achieving a [quorum](#quorum)), a [certificate](#certificate) is created and included in an RB.
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##### Endorser Blocks (EBs)
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Aggregation blocks that reference multiple IBs from the current pipeline. EBs are produced at the beginning of the "Endorse" stage by selected stake pools. An EB represents a consensus view of which IBs should be included in the permanent ledger, referencing all IBs that were delivered by specific pipeline deadlines.
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**Ranking Blocks (RBs)**: The main Praos consensus chain blocks that contain at most one certificate per block, attesting to the validity of an EB. RBs anchor the Leios consensus into the established Praos security model and may also contain regular transactions.
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##### Votes and Certificates
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During the "Vote" stage, stake pools [vote](#vote) on EBs if they meet strict criteria: all referenced IBs must be available, all IBs seen by the "Deliver 1" deadline must be referenced, and all referenced IBs must validate. When enough votes are collected (achieving a [quorum](#quorum)), a [certificate](#certificate) is created and included in an RB.
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##### Ranking Blocks (RBs)
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The main Praos consensus chain blocks that contain at most one certificate per block, attesting to the validity of an EB. RBs anchor the Leios consensus into the established Praos security model and may also contain regular transactions.
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#### Fundamental challenges
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The concurrent nature of input block (IB) production in Leios introduces fundamental challenges that don't exist in sequential blockchain protocols like Praos. Unlike Praos where blocks are produced sequentially, Leios allows multiple input blocks to be created concurrently within the [network diffusion time](#network-diffusion-time) window. This creates new challenges that must be addressed at the ledger level.
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