Added benchmark markdown file

Author: Jacob Austin

benchmark.md

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+# Benchmarks
+
+This file contains benchmarks and results for Coral. These benchmarks are not intended
+to be exhaustive, but simply indicative of some advantages of Coral over Python or C.
+
+All benchmarks were performed on a 2015 Macbook Pro running Mac OS Catalina on a 2.7 GHz
+Dual-Core Intel Core i5 with 8GB of RAM.
+
+## GCD Benchmark
+
+Here we attempt to compute the gcd of two numbers in C, Python, and Coral.
+
+### Source Code
+
+The C source code is as follows:
+
+```c
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+long gcd(long a, long b) {
+  while (a != b) {
+    if (a > b) {
+      a = a - b;
+    } else {
+      b = b - a;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return a;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+  long a = 90;
+  long b = 800052312523;
+  long result = gcd(a, b);
+}
+```
+
+The C code will be compiled with `gcc -O1/2/3` or `clang -O1/2/3` for comparison.
+
+The Coral/Python code is as follows:
+
+```python
+def gcd(a : int, b : int):
+    while a != b:
+        if a > b:
+            a = a - b
+        else:
+            b = b - a
+    return a
+
+a = 90
+b = 800052312523
+result = gcd(a, b)
+```
+
+Note that we do not need type hints here, since it can be fully type inferred without.
+
+### Results
+
+Our results are as follows:
+
+**Coral:**
+
+Results are from `coral -o gcd -S gcd.py` and then `gcc -O1/2/3 gcd.s` then
+`time ./a.out`. This allows us to compare different optimizations using GCC. I also
+tested having Coral emit LLVM and compiling that with Clang, which produced similar 
+results.
+
+**-O0:**
+
+```
+real	0m0.033s
+user	0m0.028s
+sys	0m0.002s
+```
+
+**O1:**
+
+```
+real	0m0.033s
+user	0m0.028s
+sys	0m0.002s
+```
+
+**O2:**
+
+```
+real	0m0.034s
+user	0m0.029s
+sys	0m0.002s
+```
+
+**O3:**
+
+```
+real	0m0.031s
+user	0m0.027s
+sys	0m0.002s
+```
+
+**C:**
+
+Results are from `gcc -O1/2/3 -o gcc gcc.c` and then `time ./gcd`.
+
+**-O0:**
+
+```
+real	0m21.061s
+user	0m17.938s
+sys	0m0.120s
+```
+
+**-O1:**
+
+```
+real	0m19.983s
+user	0m17.693s
+sys	0m0.140s
+```
+
+**-O2:**
+
+```
+real	0m0.004s
+user	0m0.001s
+sys	0m0.002s
+```
+
+**-O3:**
+
+```
+real	0m0.004s
+user	0m0.001s
+sys	0m0.002s
+```
+
+**Python:**
+
+Results are from `time python gcd.py`
+
+```
+real	13m46.220s
+user	12m57.995s
+sys	0m3.848s
+```

demos/gcd.c

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+#include <stdio.h>
+
+long gcd(long a, long b) {
+  while (a != b) {
+    if (a > b) {
+      a = a - b;
+    } else {
+      b = b - a;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return a;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+  long a = 90;
+  long b = 800052312523;
+  long result = gcd(a, b);
+}