vulkan: Rewrite synchronization to allow some overlap between nodes (ggml-org#15489)

Track a list of nodes that need synchronization, and only sync if the new node
depends on them (or overwrites them). This allows some overlap which can
improve performance, and centralizes a big chunk of the synchronization logic.

The remaining synchronization logic involves writes to memory other than the
nodes, e.g. for dequantization or split_k. Each of these allocations has a bool
indicating whether they were in use and need to be synced. This should be
checked before they are written to, and set to true after they are done being
consumed.

Author: jeffbolznv