hmw-sample.json

{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/3b71a21d5890319d940b1bb75f7545207057ddcd6df318c3022623d51f9bc7da!/0383245F2225977B8BD5F631FD78FE56.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"0383245F2225977B8BD5F631FD78FE56","docName":"hbmw_9_Rhinonycteridae_194.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ffba5c272223977c8e73f509ffb1ffd0","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"208","verbatimText":"7. Grandidiefs Trident Bat Paratriaenops auritus French: Tr aen ps de Grand d er German : Grand drer-Dre zahnblannase Spanish : R non terio de Grındıdıer Other common names: Golden Trident Bat Taxonomy. Triaenops aurita [sic] G. Grandidier, 1912 , “environs de Diegosuarez, dans Fextrême Nord de Madagascar [Diana Region, Antsiranana , northern Madagascar ]. Paratriamops aurituswas formerly included in R. fuırula; however, it was demonsuated to represent a distinct species based on morphological and genetic comparisons. Monotvpic. Distribution . Endemic to Madagascar , where it occurs at elevations of 50-200 m in the most exueme N; S distributional limits lie at c. 14 S between Ambilobe and Antsohihy. Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-64 mm, tail 19-28 mm, ear 15-20 mm, forearm 43-51 mm; weight 5-8 g. No specific data are available for hindfoot length. Grandidier`s Trident Bat small, but on average, the largest species of Paratriamops. Pelage has slightly darker tinge dorsally than ventrally, being reddish golden, orange, or bright brown. Wing membranes are dark brown, and ears and noseleaf are pale grayish. Noseleaf is large, narrow, and rounded, with strap-like, longitudinal, and anteriorly deeply bifurcated projection across anterior part of anterior leaf, above deep anterior medial emargination. Three tall pointed projections are present on posterior part of posterior noseleaf, its anterior part has in medial position short, laterally flattened, and slightly upward directed projection. Total width of three posterior projections is almost entire width of posterior leaf. Posterior leaf is scalloped by numerous cells, small and more or less equal in size, ananged in two transversal rows, separated from each other by fleshy septa, except central pair of cells of posterior row, which are separated by an incomplete septum. Tall posterior projections are not emarginated at their bases. There are no lateral supplementary leaflets, but thickened ridge beneath margin of anterior noseleaf. Ears are large and pointed, with anterior margin evenly rounded. Skull has very prominent nasal swellings laterallv and dorsally. Braincase s slightly higher than rostnrm, and there depression between rostrum and braincase, with low but long sagittal crest. Wide plates are present on dorsal sides of zygomatic bones. Greatest skull lengths are 16-8-18-8 mm, condylo-canine lengths are 14-8-16-2 mm, zygomatic widths are 8 -4-9-3 mm, and upper tooth row (C'-M\") lengths are 5 -8-6-5 mm. is bilobed; C' slender, with slight cingulum; posterior secondary cusp represented rather as ridge extending onethird the crown height; P’ is small and extruded; C' and P‘ are in or nearlv in contact; and M‘ is only little reduced, with metacone. is bicuspid, I, is tricuspid and larger than C, is slender, P? has about two-thirds the crown area and one-half the height of P‘, and M‘ is unreduced. Baculum is simple, narrow, and c. l-8 mm long, with pointed distal tip, and broad and rounded proximal epiphysis; baculum width is c.0-5 mm (i. e. c.28 % of baculum length). Habitat. Lowland dry deciduous forests combined with limestone karst. Food and Feeding. No infonnation. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Grandidiefs Trident Bat roosts at great depths in underground spaces; prefers narrow corridors c. 200 m from roost entrances. most probably does not enter torpor or hibernate. Echolocation consists of multiharrnonic QCF calls, with pulse composed of long CF component, complemented at start and end by two short FM components (FM-CF-FM). lnitial FM component has small upward sweep (not always detectable); terminating FM component is steep sweep of 5-7 kHz. Peak frequencies of females are lower than males. Calls last 4 -6-22 -3 milliseconds; interpulse intervals are 17 -8-101 milliseconds; CF component maximum frequencies are 106-5-110-2 kHz (mean 108 -8 kHz) in males and 95 -6-97-2 kHz (mean 96 -4 kHz) in females; CF component minimum frequencies are 104-8-108 -2 kHz (mean 106 -5 kHz) in males and 93 -8-94-1 kHz (mean 93 -9 kHz) in females; and end frequencies are 80-1-107-6 kHz (mean 82 -9 kHz). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Grandidier's Trident Bats roost in large colonies; largest numbers recorded were c. 2000 individuals in a natural cave and c. 1000 individuals in a mine. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Grandidier`s Trident Bat has small, fragmented, and declining distribution. 1t is regarded as threatened particularly from habitat destruction and fragmentation and disturbance at cave roosts. 1 t occurs in Ankarana, Analarnerana, and Daraina reserves in northern Madagascar , which cover a significant part of its distribution. Bibliography . Goodman (2011), Goodman à Ranıvo (2008). Goodman, Andrıafıdıson er al (2005). Grandıdıer (1912) H (1982a). Kofoky er al (2009), Peterson et al (1995), Rakotondremanana & Goodman (2017). Ramasındrazana er al (2013). Ranıvo à Goodman (2006)","taxonomy":"Triaenops aurita [sic] G. Grandidier, 1912 , “environs de Diegosuarez, dans Fextrême Nord de Madagascar [Diana Region, Antsiranana , northern Madagascar ]. Paratriamops aurituswas formerly included in R. fuırula; however, it was demonsuated to represent a distinct species based on morphological and genetic comparisons. Monotvpic.","commonNames":"Tr aen ps de Grand d er German @fr | Tr aen ps de Grand d er German @en | Grand drer-Dre zahnblannase Spanish @en | Golden Trident Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"4DGHH","interpretedBaseAuthorityName":"G. Grandidier","interpretedBaseAuthorityYear":"1912","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Rhinonycteridae","interpretedGenus":"Paratriaenops","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"6","interpretedPageNumber":"208","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"auritus","name":"Paratriaenops auritus","subspeciesAndDistribution":"Endemic to Madagascar , where it occurs at elevations of 50-200 m in the most exueme N; S distributional limits lie at c. 14 S between Ambilobe and Antsohihy.","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6611841/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Goodman (2011) | Goodman à Ranıvo (2008) | Goodman, Andrıafıdıson er al (2005) | Grandıdıer (1912) | H (1982a) | Kofoky er al (2009) | Peterson et al (1995) | Rakotondremanana & Goodman (2017) | Ramasındrazana er al (2013) | Ranıvo à Goodman (2006)","foodAndFeeding":"No infonnation.","breeding":"No information.","activityPatterns":"Grandidiefs Trident Bat roosts at great depths in underground spaces; prefers narrow corridors c. 200 m from roost entrances. most probably does not enter torpor or hibernate. Echolocation consists of multiharrnonic QCF calls, with pulse composed of long CF component, complemented at start and end by two short FM components (FM-CF-FM). lnitial FM component has small upward sweep (not always detectable); terminating FM component is steep sweep of 5-7 kHz. Peak frequencies of females are lower than males. Calls last 4 -6-22 -3 milliseconds; interpulse intervals are 17 -8-101 milliseconds; CF component maximum frequencies are 106-5-110-2 kHz (mean 108 -8 kHz) in males and 95 -6-97-2 kHz (mean 96 -4 kHz) in females; CF component minimum frequencies are 104-8-108 -2 kHz (mean 106 -5 kHz) in males and 93 -8-94-1 kHz (mean 93 -9 kHz) in females; and end frequencies are 80-1-107-6 kHz (mean 82 -9 kHz).","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"Grandidier's Trident Bats roost in large colonies; largest numbers recorded were c. 2000 individuals in a natural cave and c. 1000 individuals in a mine.","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Grandidier`s Trident Bat has small, fragmented, and declining distribution. 1t is regarded as threatened particularly from habitat destruction and fragmentation and disturbance at cave roosts. 1 t occurs in Ankarana, Analarnerana, and Daraina reserves in northern Madagascar , which cover a significant part of its distribution.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 47-64 mm, tail 19-28 mm, ear 15-20 mm, forearm 43-51 mm; weight 5-8 g. No specific data are available for hindfoot length. Grandidier`s Trident Bat small, but on average, the largest species of Paratriamops. Pelage has slightly darker tinge dorsally than ventrally, being reddish golden, orange, or bright brown. Wing membranes are dark brown, and ears and noseleaf are pale grayish. Noseleaf is large, narrow, and rounded, with strap-like, longitudinal, and anteriorly deeply bifurcated projection across anterior part of anterior leaf, above deep anterior medial emargination. Three tall pointed projections are present on posterior part of posterior noseleaf, its anterior part has in medial position short, laterally flattened, and slightly upward directed projection. Total width of three posterior projections is almost entire width of posterior leaf. Posterior leaf is scalloped by numerous cells, small and more or less equal in size, ananged in two transversal rows, separated from each other by fleshy septa, except central pair of cells of posterior row, which are separated by an incomplete septum. Tall posterior projections are not emarginated at their bases. There are no lateral supplementary leaflets, but thickened ridge beneath margin of anterior noseleaf. Ears are large and pointed, with anterior margin evenly rounded. Skull has very prominent nasal swellings laterallv and dorsally. Braincase s slightly higher than rostnrm, and there depression between rostrum and braincase, with low but long sagittal crest. Wide plates are present on dorsal sides of zygomatic bones. Greatest skull lengths are 16-8-18-8 mm, condylo-canine lengths are 14-8-16-2 mm, zygomatic widths are 8 -4-9-3 mm, and upper tooth row (C'-M\") lengths are 5 -8-6-5 mm. is bilobed; C' slender, with slight cingulum; posterior secondary cusp represented rather as ridge extending onethird the crown height; P’ is small and extruded; C' and P‘ are in or nearlv in contact; and M‘ is only little reduced, with metacone. is bicuspid, I, is tricuspid and larger than C, is slender, P? has about two-thirds the crown area and one-half the height of P‘, and M‘ is unreduced. Baculum is simple, narrow, and c. l-8 mm long, with pointed distal tip, and broad and rounded proximal epiphysis; baculum width is c.0-5 mm (i. e. c.28 % of baculum length).","habitat":"Lowland dry deciduous forests combined with limestone karst."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF80FF801643FD69F962FA9A.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF80FF801643FD69F962FA9A","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"533","verbatimText":"102. Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat Xeronycteris vieirai French: Lonchophylle de Vieira / German: Vieira-Langzungenfledermaus / Spanish: Xeronicterio de Vieira Other common names: Vieira's Flower Bat Taxonomy. Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin & Ditchfield, 2005 , “Fazenda Espirito Santo , Municipio de Soledade, state of Paraiba , Brazil ( 07°05’S , 36°21'W ).” This species is monotypic. Distribution. NE & E Brazil , from Rio Grande do Norte S to N Minas Gerais , apparently mostly restricted to Caatinga Tropical Dry Forest ecoregion. Descriptive notes. Tail 6-6-8 mm, ear 10-12. 6 mm , hindfoot 10-8-13 mm, forearm 35-4-39-2 mm; weight 8-14 g (males) and 9-16 g (females). No other measurements are available. Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat is a medium-sized nectar specialist, with the most reduced dentition in the entire subfamily Lonchophyllinae . It is known from only few specimens. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 34, although there is a report on a specimen with an additional (anterior) upper premolar. Habitat. Mainly xeric shrubland and thorn forest with annual precipitation of 300-500 mm and rain falling only during short rainy season in April-June. Vieira’s Longtongued Bat might venture occasionally into other semiarid habitats close to caatinga (e.g. cerrado). Food and Feeding. Dentition and limited observations indicate that Vieira’s Longtongued Bat is a rather strict nectarivore that visits flowers of columnar cacti (Pulosocereus pachycladus, Cactaceae ), terrestrial bromeliads ( Encholirium spectabile , Bromeliaceae ), trees ( Pseudobombax sp., Malvaceae ), and herbs ( Dicliptera sericea, Acanthaceae ). Breeding. Reproduction of Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat seems to peak in dry season (June-December), although lactating females were observed in March. Activity patterns. Activity of Vieira’s Long-tongued Bats starts quickly after nightfall, perhaps related to temporal patterns of nectar production. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Caatinga ecoregion, which is core habitat of Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat, is under anthropogenic pressure from slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal production, and livestock grazing. Bibliography. Cordero-Schmidt et al. (2017), Gomes et al. (2018), Gregorin & Ditchfield (2005), Nogueira, Gregorin & Peracchi (2014).","taxonomy":"Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin & Ditchfield, 2005 , “Fazenda Espirito Santo , Municipio de Soledade, state of Paraiba , Brazil ( 07°05’S , 36°21'W ).” This species is monotypic.","commonNames":"Lonchophylle de Vieira @fr | Vieira-Langzungenfledermaus @de | Xeronicterio de Vieira @es | Vieira's Flower Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"5CD54","interpretedAuthority":"Gregorin & Ditchfield, 2005","interpretedAuthorityName":"Gregorin & Ditchfield","interpretedAuthorityYear":"2005","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Xeronycteris","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"49","interpretedPageNumber":"533","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"vieirai","name":"Xeronycteris vieirai","subspeciesAndDistribution":"NE & E Brazil , from Rio Grande do Norte S to N Minas Gerais , apparently mostly restricted to Caatinga Tropical Dry Forest ecoregion.","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458815/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Cordero-Schmidt et al. (2017) | Gomes et al. (2018) | Gregorin & Ditchfield (2005) | Nogueira, Gregorin & Peracchi (2014)","foodAndFeeding":"Dentition and limited observations indicate that Vieira’s Longtongued Bat is a rather strict nectarivore that visits flowers of columnar cacti (Pulosocereus pachycladus, Cactaceae ), terrestrial bromeliads ( Encholirium spectabile , Bromeliaceae ), trees ( Pseudobombax sp., Malvaceae ), and herbs ( Dicliptera sericea, Acanthaceae ).","breeding":"Reproduction of Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat seems to peak in dry season (June-December), although lactating females were observed in March.","activityPatterns":"Activity of Vieira’s Long-tongued Bats starts quickly after nightfall, perhaps related to temporal patterns of nectar production.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"No information.","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Caatinga ecoregion, which is core habitat of Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat, is under anthropogenic pressure from slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal production, and livestock grazing.","descriptiveNotes":"Tail 6-6-8 mm, ear 10-12. 6 mm , hindfoot 10-8-13 mm, forearm 35-4-39-2 mm; weight 8-14 g (males) and 9-16 g (females). No other measurements are available. Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat is a medium-sized nectar specialist, with the most reduced dentition in the entire subfamily Lonchophyllinae . It is known from only few specimens. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 34, although there is a report on a specimen with an additional (anterior) upper premolar.","habitat":"Mainly xeric shrubland and thorn forest with annual precipitation of 300-500 mm and rain falling only during short rainy season in April-June. Vieira’s Longtongued Bat might venture occasionally into other semiarid habitats close to caatinga (e.g. cerrado)."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF81FF80168FF3B3F81CF382.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF81FF80168FF3B3F81CF382","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"532","verbatimText":"101. Long-snouted Bat Platalina genovensium French: Lonchophylle du Pérou / German: Langmaulfledermaus / Spanish: Platalino de Peru Other common names: Peruvian Long-tongued Bat Taxonomy. Platalina genovensium Thomas, 1928 , “neighbourhood of Lima ,” Peru . This species is monotypic. Distribution. W Peru (from Piura to Tacna departments), an arid valley in NE Andes, and in extreme NW Chile . Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-80 mm, tail 6-6-8 mm, ear 12-21 mm, hindfoot 12-18 mm, forearm 46-53 mm; weight 8-14 g (males) and 9-16 g (females). The Long-snouted Bat is a large nectar specialist, with highly derived feeding apparatus, acquired independently of other specialized nectar feeders (e.g. Choeroniscus ). Pelage is undifferentiated, and guard hairs are absent. Dorsalfur is pale and comparatively long; basal two-thirds of each hair is whitish, and terminal one-third is brown. It can be identified by greatly elongated muzzle, with numerous short vibrissae; long and sparsely furred uropatagium; and shorttail, about one-third the length of uropatagium. Central rib of noseleaf is absent, and internarial region of noseleaf is smooth. Rostrum is longer than braincase. Upper postcanine tooth rows are parallel rather than converging anteriorly. Upper and lower incisors are large, spatulated, and procumbent. Canines are slender and lack conspicuous cingulum. Premolars and molars are elongated, and upper molars lack paracone and mesostyle. Dentary is long, and lowerincisors are bicuspid. Dental formulais 12/2, C1/1,P2/3.M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 34. Habitat. Arid regions of Peruvian and Chilean coasts from near sea level to elevations of ¢. 2600 m . A Long-snouted Bat was found in an arid valley in the northeastern Andes ( Huanuco Department). According to a potential distribution map, habitats of Long-snouted Bats contain xerophytic vegetation including columnar cacti, low annual rainfall (averaging 30-180 mm), and relatively low temperatures (9-15°C). Known roosts include tunnels, unused mines, and caves, always near food resources. Food and Feeding. Limited field studies indicate that the Long-snouted Bat is a nectarivore and depends on flowers of columnar cacti ( Weberbauerocereus weberbaueri and W. rauhii, Cactaceae ) for nectar and pollen. Phenological data indicates year-round fruit and flower production of these cactus species. Other frequent dietary items include insects (c.60%) and seeds/fruit pulp (c.20%). The Long-snouted Bat could include another columnar cacti (e.g. Browningia candelaris) in its diet, but their local densities are usually very low. Breeding. Pregnant Long-snouted Bats were captured in September-October; however, during a drought with reduced food resources in south-western Peru , no pregnant females were recorded for a two-year period. Activity patterns. Long-snouted Bats are nocturnal. Echolocation calls have FM fast pulses of 1-3 milliseconds at extremely low intensity (-10 dB to 35 dB), in sequences of 12-9 pulses/second; bandwidth averages 28-6 kHz and is discontinuous, with average interpulses of 67-6 milliseconds and energy peaks at 89-2 kHz. Pulses present harmonic above 190 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosts of Long-snouted Bats consisted of only males or mixed-sex aggregations, with sex composition at each roost varying over time. Subadult males share roosts with any sex, but subadult females only occur in mixed aggregations. Sex ratio for adults is almost 1:1. Colony sizes reach up to 50-60 individuals (median of five). Within a roost, groups of 5-7 individuals were found at different microsites. Long-snouted Bats were permanent residents in a roost over a three-year period, but they will move under severe changes in resource abundance (drought or mines closure or activity). Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Long-snouted Bat could be in significant decline and facing widespread habitat loss throughout much of its distribution, thus making it close to being Vulnerable. Due to limited locality records, evidence of small populations, and destruction of its habitats, it is listed as endangered by the Peruvian government. Bibliography. Griffiths & Gardner (2008b), Jiménez & Péfaur (1982), Malo de Molina et al. (2011), Ossa etal. (2016), Parlos et al. (2014), Ruelas & Pacheco (2018), Sahley & Baraybar (1996), Simmons & Wetterer (2002), Velazco, Cadenillas et al. (2013), Woodman & Timm (2006).","taxonomy":"Platalina genovensium Thomas, 1928 , “neighbourhood of Lima ,” Peru . This species is monotypic.","commonNames":"Lonchophylle du Pérou @fr | Langmaulfledermaus @de | Platalinode Peru @es | Peruvian Long-tongued Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"4JMRH","interpretedAuthority":"Thomas, 1928","interpretedAuthorityName":"Thomas","interpretedAuthorityYear":"1928","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Platalina","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"48","interpretedPageNumber":"532","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"genovensium","name":"Platalina genovensium","subspeciesAndDistribution":"W Peru (from Piura to Tacna departments), an arid valley in NE Andes, and in extreme NW Chile .","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458813/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Griffiths & Gardner (2008b) | Jiménez & Péfaur (1982) | Malo de Molina et al. (2011) | Ossa etal. (2016) | Parlos et al. (2014) | Ruelas & Pacheco (2018) | Sahley & Baraybar (1996) | Simmons & Wetterer (2002) | Velazco, Cadenillas et al. (2013) | Woodman & Timm (2006)","foodAndFeeding":"Limited field studies indicate that the Long-snouted Bat is a nectarivore and depends on flowers of columnar cacti ( Weberbauerocereus weberbaueri and W. rauhii, Cactaceae ) for nectar and pollen. Phenological data indicates year-round fruit and flower production of these cactus species. Other frequent dietary items include insects (c.60%) and seeds/fruit pulp (c.20%). The Long-snouted Bat could include another columnar cacti (e.g. Browningia candelaris) in its diet, but their local densities are usually very low.","breeding":"Pregnant Long-snouted Bats were captured in September-October; however, during a drought with reduced food resources in south-western Peru , no pregnant females were recorded for a two-year period.","activityPatterns":"Long-snouted Bats are nocturnal. Echolocation calls have FM fast pulses of 1-3 milliseconds at extremely low intensity (-10 dB to 35 dB), in sequences of 12-9 pulses/second; bandwidth averages 28-6 kHz and is discontinuous, with average interpulses of 67-6 milliseconds and energy peaks at 89-2 kHz. Pulses present harmonic above 190 kHz.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"Roosts of Long-snouted Bats consisted of only males or mixed-sex aggregations, with sex composition at each roost varying over time. Subadult males share roosts with any sex, but subadult females only occur in mixed aggregations. Sex ratio for adults is almost 1:1. Colony sizes reach up to 50-60 individuals (median of five). Within a roost, groups of 5-7 individuals were found at different microsites. Long-snouted Bats were permanent residents in a roost over a three-year period, but they will move under severe changes in resource abundance (drought or mines closure or activity).","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Long-snouted Bat could be in significant decline and facing widespread habitat loss throughout much of its distribution, thus making it close to being Vulnerable. Due to limited locality records, evidence of small populations, and destruction of its habitats, it is listed as endangered by the Peruvian government.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 67-80 mm, tail 6-6-8 mm, ear 12-21 mm, hindfoot 12-18 mm, forearm 46-53 mm; weight 8-14 g (males) and 9-16 g (females). The Long-snouted Bat is a large nectar specialist, with highly derived feeding apparatus, acquired independently of other specialized nectar feeders (e.g. Choeroniscus ). Pelage is undifferentiated, and guard hairs are absent. Dorsalfur is pale and comparatively long; basal two-thirds of each hair is whitish, and terminal one-third is brown. It can be identified by greatly elongated muzzle, with numerous short vibrissae; long and sparsely furred uropatagium; and shorttail, about one-third the length of uropatagium. Central rib of noseleaf is absent, and internarial region of noseleaf is smooth. Rostrum is longer than braincase. Upper postcanine tooth rows are parallel rather than converging anteriorly. Upper and lower incisors are large, spatulated, and procumbent. Canines are slender and lack conspicuous cingulum. Premolars and molars are elongated, and upper molars lack paracone and mesostyle. Dentary is long, and lowerincisors are bicuspid. Dental formulais 12/2, C1/1,P2/3.M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 34.","habitat":"Arid regions of Peruvian and Chilean coasts from near sea level to elevations of ¢. 2600 m . A Long-snouted Bat was found in an arid valley in the northeastern Andes ( Huanuco Department). According to a potential distribution map, habitats of Long-snouted Bats contain xerophytic vegetation including columnar cacti, low annual rainfall (averaging 30-180 mm), and relatively low temperatures (9-15°C). Known roosts include tunnels, unused mines, and caves, always near food resources."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF81FF811388FAA3F5D9F077.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF81FF811388FAA3F5D9F077","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"532","verbatimText":"99. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat Lonchophylla bokermanni French: Lonchophylle de Bokermann / German: Bokermann-Nektarfledermaus / Spanish: Loncofilo de Bokermann Taxonomy. Lonchophylla bokermanni Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei, 1978 , “Serra do Cipo, municipio de Jaboticatubas, Estado de Minas Gerais , Brasil .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. NE & SE Brazil , cerrado biome of Bahia and Minas Geraisstates. Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-63-5 mm, hindfoot 8-9 mm, forearm 38-7-41-3 mm; weight c. 12 g in the cerrado of Minas Gerais ; head-body 55-57, tail 10-12 mm, forearm 36-2-39-9 mm; weight 10-11 g in the caatinga of Bahia . No other specific measurements are available. Dorsal fur of Bokermann’s Nectar Bat ranges from yellowish brown to grayish brown. Hairs are bicolored, with light brown bases and dark brown tips. Underparts are lighter than dorsum, ranging from yellowish gray to grayish brown. Head is same color as dorsum. Deep medial sulcus occurs on chin, bordered by small warts. Well-developed bristles occur on upper and lower lip. Ears are round and small. Noseleaf is brown, with free flap at base of horseshoe. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown. Uropatagium is long, reaching distal part oftibia. Calcar is smaller than foot but conspicuous. Tail is ¢.33% the length of uropatagium, with tip perforating uropatagium dorsally. Braincase is anteroposteriorly elongated, forming smooth slope between it and rostrum. Parietal and interparietal are slightly inflated. Rostrum is shorter than braincase. Basisphenoid pits are shallow. Zygomatic arches are incomplete. Palate is relatively short, broad, and V-shaped posteriorly. Mandibular condyle is placed above tooth row. I' are spatulated and project forward. Anterior surface of C' is grooved. P* is buccolingually narrow in occlusal view. Lower incisors are relatively broad and slightly trilobed. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 50, with twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric and small pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric. Habitat. Rocky, montane fields (“campos rupestres”) at elevations of 720-1129 m. Vegetation is sparse and contains herbs, shrubs, grasses, and small trees. Food and Feeding. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat is a nectarivore. In an altered campos rupestres in Minas Gerais , it consumed pollen and nectar of Bauhinia rufa (Fabaceae) , and stomach contents contained fragments of ants ( Formicidae ). At another site in Minas Gerais , it consumed pollen and nectar of Encholirium glaziovi: ( Bromeliaceae ), a stemless bromeliad with terminal inflorescence 1-5-1-8 m tall. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat approached inflorescences c.30-60 minutes after dusk, circling around them but not visiting flowers. After these initial approaches, individuals begin to visit flowers. These bouts occurred at intervals of 5-40 minutes. When visiting inflorescences of E. glaziovii, individuals hovered in front of individual flowers and lapped nectar. They approached other flowers after short flights in loops. Two to six individuals perched on two small trees (2-3 m) located near flowers of E. glaziovii and remained in these nocturnal roosts for 5-30 minutes before restarting feeding bouts. Breeding. A pregnant Bokermann’s Nectar Bat was captured in January in Bahia , and reproductively inactive females were found in September—October in Minas Gerais . Activity patterns. In Bahia , Bokermann’s Nectar Bats left day roosts between 17:40 h and 22:00 h. In Minas Gerais , individuals began visiting flowers of E. glaziovii c.30 minutes after sunset. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat apparently is a cave-roosting species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Caetité ( Bahia ), a colony containing at least nine Bokermann’s Nectar Bats was found inside a mine, sharing it with Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia perspicillata ) and Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. For 40 years, Bokermann’s Nectar Bat was known only from three localities in Minas Gerais . In 2018, it was recorded in the state of Bahia , extending its distribution 840 km to the north. Even with an estimated extent of occurrence of 17,534 km ?it is still poorly known and restricted to a specific montane habitat. Bibliography. Almeida, B. et al. (2016), Claudio, Silveira, Farias, Maas et al. (2018), Dias et al. (2013), Nascimento et al. (2013), Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei (1978), Sazima, Vogel & Sazima (1989), Teixeira et al. (2015).","taxonomy":"Lonchophylla bokermanni Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei, 1978 , “Serra do Cipo, municipio de Jaboticatubas, Estado de Minas Gerais , Brasil .” This species is monotypic.","commonNames":"Lonchophylle de Bokermann @fr | Bokermann-Nektarfledermaus @de | Loncofilo de Bokermann @es","interpretedID-CoL":"6QMZZ","interpretedAuthority":"Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei, 1978","interpretedAuthorityName":"Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei","interpretedAuthorityYear":"1978","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Lonchophylla","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"48","interpretedPageNumber":"532","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"bokermanni","name":"Lonchophylla bokermanni","subspeciesAndDistribution":"NE & SE Brazil , cerrado biome of Bahia and Minas Geraisstates.","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458808/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Almeida, B. et al. (2016) | Claudio, Silveira, Farias, Maas et al. (2018) | Dias et al. (2013) | Nascimento et al. (2013) | Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei (1978) | Sazima, Vogel & Sazima (1989) | Teixeira et al. (2015)","foodAndFeeding":"Bokermann’s Nectar Bat is a nectarivore. In an altered campos rupestres in Minas Gerais , it consumed pollen and nectar of Bauhinia rufa (Fabaceae) , and stomach contents contained fragments of ants ( Formicidae ). At another site in Minas Gerais , it consumed pollen and nectar of Encholirium glaziovi: ( Bromeliaceae ), a stemless bromeliad with terminal inflorescence 1-5-1-8 m tall. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat approached inflorescences c.30-60 minutes after dusk, circling around them but not visiting flowers. After these initial approaches, individuals begin to visit flowers. These bouts occurred at intervals of 5-40 minutes. When visiting inflorescences of E. glaziovii, individuals hovered in front of individual flowers and lapped nectar. They approached other flowers after short flights in loops. Two to six individuals perched on two small trees (2-3 m) located near flowers of E. glaziovii and remained in these nocturnal roosts for 5-30 minutes before restarting feeding bouts.","breeding":"A pregnant Bokermann’s Nectar Bat was captured in January in Bahia , and reproductively inactive females were found in September—October in Minas Gerais .","activityPatterns":"In Bahia , Bokermann’s Nectar Bats left day roosts between 17:40 h and 22:00 h. In Minas Gerais , individuals began visiting flowers of E. glaziovii c.30 minutes after sunset. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat apparently is a cave-roosting species.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"In Caetité ( Bahia ), a colony containing at least nine Bokermann’s Nectar Bats was found inside a mine, sharing it with Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia perspicillata ) and Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ).","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. For 40 years, Bokermann’s Nectar Bat was known only from three localities in Minas Gerais . In 2018, it was recorded in the state of Bahia , extending its distribution 840 km to the north. Even with an estimated extent of occurrence of 17,534 km ?it is still poorly known and restricted to a specific montane habitat.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 60-63-5 mm, hindfoot 8-9 mm, forearm 38-7-41-3 mm; weight c. 12 g in the cerrado of Minas Gerais ; head-body 55-57, tail 10-12 mm, forearm 36-2-39-9 mm; weight 10-11 g in the caatinga of Bahia . No other specific measurements are available. Dorsal fur of Bokermann’s Nectar Bat ranges from yellowish brown to grayish brown. Hairs are bicolored, with light brown bases and dark brown tips. Underparts are lighter than dorsum, ranging from yellowish gray to grayish brown. Head is same color as dorsum. Deep medial sulcus occurs on chin, bordered by small warts. Well-developed bristles occur on upper and lower lip. Ears are round and small. Noseleaf is brown, with free flap at base of horseshoe. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown. Uropatagium is long, reaching distal part oftibia. Calcar is smaller than foot but conspicuous. Tail is ¢.33% the length of uropatagium, with tip perforating uropatagium dorsally. Braincase is anteroposteriorly elongated, forming smooth slope between it and rostrum. Parietal and interparietal are slightly inflated. Rostrum is shorter than braincase. Basisphenoid pits are shallow. Zygomatic arches are incomplete. Palate is relatively short, broad, and V-shaped posteriorly. Mandibular condyle is placed above tooth row. I' are spatulated and project forward. Anterior surface of C' is grooved. P* is buccolingually narrow in occlusal view. Lower incisors are relatively broad and slightly trilobed. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 50, with twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric and small pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.","habitat":"Rocky, montane fields (“campos rupestres”) at elevations of 720-1129 m. Vegetation is sparse and contains herbs, shrubs, grasses, and small trees."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF81FF81168AFDC1F898F8BF.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF81FF81168AFDC1F898F8BF","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"532","verbatimText":"100. Peracchi’s Nectar Bat Lonchophylla peracchii French: Lonchophylle de Peracchi / German: Peracchi-Nektarfledermaus / Spanish: Loncéfilo de Peracchi Taxonomy. Lonchophylla peracchii Dias, Esbérard & Moratelli, 2013 , “Near Vila do Abraao (ca. 23°07’ S , 44°10’ W ), Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State , Brazil .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. NE & SE Brazil , Atlantic Forest biome In the states of Bahia , Rio de Janeiro , Sao Paulo , and probably Espirito Santo . Descriptive notes. Forearm 34-5-36-9 mm. No other specific measurements are available. Peracchi’s Nectar Bat is medium-sized, with brown and silky long dorsal fur and pale brownish ventral fur. Contrast between dorsal and ventral pelage is not pronounced. Hairs have medium brown bases and pale brown tips, often subtle to distinguish. Wing membranes are brown and overall naked, but proximal part of dorsal surface of forearm is covered with fur. Snout is elongated and narrow, and dentition is reduced. Spear of lancet of noseleaf is relatively large for a species of Lonchophylla and has indistinct central rib. Posterior margin of horseshoe of noseleaf is continuous with lowerlip. Tragusis rounded attip, and uropatagium is short. Skull is elongated, and nasals and supraorbital and postorbital areas are smooth and not inflated. Mesopterygoid fossa is long, pterygoid processes are narrow, and basisphenoid pits are shallow. Zygomatic arches are absent, and coronoid processes of lowerjaw are low, with rounded tips. I' are large, spatulated, procumbent, and separated from I* by diastemata. I? are small and pointed. Conspicuous grooveis present on anterior surface of C'. Upper premolars are triangular. P* is narrow, with reduced inner lobe and lingual root posteriorly displaced. Mesostyles, metastyles of M' and M?, and parastyle of M' are all poorly developed or absent. Reduced parastyle of M'is oriented laterally. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 50, and autosomes are composed of twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric autosomes and a small pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric. Habitat. Evergreen and semideciduous forests in south-eastern lowlands and coastal highlands of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including an island close to the continent ( Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State), from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m in Serra dos Orgaos National Park, coastal Rio de Janeiro State. Food and Feeding. Skull and dentition morphology indicate that Peracchi’s Nectar Bat 1s a nectarfeeder. In Picinguaba, Sao Paulo State , a male was captured close to several banana ( Musa , Musaceae ) trees. Other individuals were also captured close to flowering banana trees, and two individuals were netted close to the tree Bauhinia forficata ( Fabaceae ). A male collected in Picinguaba, Sao Paulo State , had pollen grains on its pelage. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Peracchi’s Nectar Bats were captured using ground-level mist nets set in clearings, borders, and forests, with in some close to flowering trees (M. paradisiaca and B. forficata). Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Peracchi’s Nectar Bat has been recorded mostly in protected areas of Atlantic Forest (e.g. Serra do Mar State Park, 1353 km ?® of Atlantic Forest), a biome that is highly threatened in Brazil and one of the most threatened of the world. Bibliography. Almeida, B. et al. (2016), Dias et al. (2013, 2016), Myers, N. et al. (2000), Novaes et al. (2010), Pimenta et al. (2010), Teixeira et al. (2013).","taxonomy":"Lonchophylla peracchii Dias, Esbérard & Moratelli, 2013 , “Near Vila do Abraao (ca. 23°07’ S , 44°10’ W ), Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State , Brazil .” This species is monotypic.","commonNames":"Lonchophylle de Peracchi @fr | Peracchi-Nektarfledermaus @de | Loncéfilo de Peracchi @es","interpretedID-CoL":"3VY8Q","interpretedAuthority":"Dias, Esberard & Moratelli, 2013","interpretedAuthorityName":"Dias, Esberard & Moratelli","interpretedAuthorityYear":"2013","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Lonchophylla","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"48","interpretedPageNumber":"532","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"peracchii","name":"Lonchophylla peracchii","subspeciesAndDistribution":"NE & SE Brazil , Atlantic Forest biome In the states of Bahia , Rio de Janeiro , Sao Paulo , and probably Espirito Santo .","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458811/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Almeida, B. et al. (2016) | Dias et al. (2013, 2016) | Myers, N. et al. (2000) | Novaes et al. (2010) | Pimenta et al. (2010) | Teixeira et al. (2013)","foodAndFeeding":"Skull and dentition morphology indicate that Peracchi’s Nectar Bat 1s a nectarfeeder. In Picinguaba, Sao Paulo State , a male was captured close to several banana ( Musa , Musaceae ) trees. Other individuals were also captured close to flowering banana trees, and two individuals were netted close to the tree Bauhinia forficata ( Fabaceae ). A male collected in Picinguaba, Sao Paulo State , had pollen grains on its pelage.","breeding":"No information.","activityPatterns":"Peracchi’s Nectar Bats were captured using ground-level mist nets set in clearings, borders, and forests, with in some close to flowering trees (M. paradisiaca and B. forficata).","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"No information.","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Peracchi’s Nectar Bat has been recorded mostly in protected areas of Atlantic Forest (e.g. Serra do Mar State Park, 1353 km ?® of Atlantic Forest), a biome that is highly threatened in Brazil and one of the most threatened of the world.","descriptiveNotes":"Forearm 34-5-36-9 mm. No other specific measurements are available. Peracchi’s Nectar Bat is medium-sized, with brown and silky long dorsal fur and pale brownish ventral fur. Contrast between dorsal and ventral pelage is not pronounced. Hairs have medium brown bases and pale brown tips, often subtle to distinguish. Wing membranes are brown and overall naked, but proximal part of dorsal surface of forearm is covered with fur. Snout is elongated and narrow, and dentition is reduced. Spear of lancet of noseleaf is relatively large for a species of Lonchophylla and has indistinct central rib. Posterior margin of horseshoe of noseleaf is continuous with lowerlip. Tragusis rounded attip, and uropatagium is short. Skull is elongated, and nasals and supraorbital and postorbital areas are smooth and not inflated. Mesopterygoid fossa is long, pterygoid processes are narrow, and basisphenoid pits are shallow. Zygomatic arches are absent, and coronoid processes of lowerjaw are low, with rounded tips. I' are large, spatulated, procumbent, and separated from I* by diastemata. I? are small and pointed. Conspicuous grooveis present on anterior surface of C'. Upper premolars are triangular. P* is narrow, with reduced inner lobe and lingual root posteriorly displaced. Mesostyles, metastyles of M' and M?, and parastyle of M' are all poorly developed or absent. Reduced parastyle of M'is oriented laterally. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 50, and autosomes are composed of twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric autosomes and a small pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.","habitat":"Evergreen and semideciduous forests in south-eastern lowlands and coastal highlands of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including an island close to the continent ( Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State), from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m in Serra dos Orgaos National Park, coastal Rio de Janeiro State."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF82FF8213B4FE4FF8A5F3C5.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF82FF8213B4FE4FF8A5F3C5","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"535","verbatimText":"103. Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat Carollia benkeithi French: Carollia de Ben Keith / German: Keith-Kurzschwanzblattnase / Spanish: Carolia de Ben Keith Other common names: Benkeith's Short-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Carollia benkeithi Solari & R. J. Baker, 2006 , “ 2 km S of Tingo Maria, Province of Leoncio Prado, Department of Huanuco , Peru , at approximately 9° 18’ S , 75º 59' W .” Carollia benkeithi was split from C. castanea , which was shown to be a species complex based on molecular and morphological analyses. Monotypic. Distribution. Lowland forests of W Brazil , E Peru , and N Bolivia , S of the Amazon River. Because of abundance of individuals in the C. castanea complex, hampering precise species identification in the field and in collections, a detailed assessment ofits distribution is still needed. Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-58 mm, tail 5-14 mm, ear 11-20 mm, hindfoot 8-14 mm, forearm 33-7-37-2 mm; weight 11-16 g. Ben Keith’s Short-tailed Batis small. Dorsal hairs lack sharply defined banding; they have broad buffy chestnut band at bases, followed by brown yellowish band, and then narrow chestnut to dull gray-brown tips. Ventral fur has short bicolored, brown-tipped hairs. Forearms are short and naked, with tuft of hairs at bases of thumbs. Uropatagium is wide, with shallow distal notch. Tail is short, almost one-third the length of uropatagium. Wings are attached to ankles. Muzzle is conspicuous but short; lower lip has central papillae surrounded by smaller warts in a V-shape. Noseleafis short, with elongated tip. Ears are moderately large and triangular, and tips are pointed. Rostrum is short, braincase is globular, and zygomatic arches are incomplete. Anterior upper tooth row (to P?) is almost parallel, but posterior one-half is more divergent. Upper and lower molars are not broad. Cusps of M| are reduced and inconspicuous in side view. Dental formula for all species of Carollinis 12/2, C 1/1, P 2/2 M 3/3 (22) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 22 and FN = 38, with a single pair of mediumsmall acrocentric autosomes. Habitat. Typically tropical evergreen forests, but also secondary forests and much less commonly clearings or plantations, at elevations mostly below 1000 m . Locally, Ben Keith’s Short-tailed Bat can be the most abundant species of bats in some habitats, but it can be variably abundant at a regional scale. Some specimens from eastern Peru were more commonly mist-netted in brushy vegetation containing Piper sp. ( Piperaceae ) along edges of a small airstrip in the middle ofa village. Food and Feeding. Similar to other species of Carollia , fruits are the primary food of Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat. It depends on Piper spp. in dry seasons, butit eats other fruit species during wet seasons, with preferences for fruits produced by understory plants such as Solanum (Solanaceae) and Vismia (Hypericaceae) . Insects are occasionally eaten. A study in south-eastern Peru found insect remains in ¢.20% of fecal samples, and more than 65% of feces included only fruit (including seeds of 48 plant species), and only one (2%) included pollen. Species of Carollia reacted to potential food (artificial fruit and real ripe Piper ) only when it had the typical odor of ripe fruit; they used odor as a primary clue to find ripe fruit. Shape and position offruits play important roles in foraging behavior. Echolocation is used for orientation in space and obstacle avoidance; echolocation calls are important at close range for final location of a fruit so it can be taken in flight. Breeding. Female Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bats have been reproductively inactive in May-July and pregnant in February-March, September, and November, which is similar to what is known for other species of Carollia . No specific data exist for Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat, but the closely related Chestnut Short-tailed Bat ( C. castanea ) in Peru and Bolivia seems to be predominantly polyestrous. Activity patterns. Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat is active during the first hours after sunset. Field data suggest that it is more active in the first one-half of the night, with only occasional captures after midnight. Scarcity of roost records probably indicates the difficulty of properly identifying it inside a roost, or it might use roosts opportunistically. Known roosts include shallow caves, rock crevices, tree holes, and human structures such as tunnels and bridges. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ben Keith’s Short-tailed Bat seems to have small home ranges. It will share hollow trees with congeners such as the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum), Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( C. perspicillata ), and the Proboscis Bat ( Rhynchonycteris naso ). Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat can be fairly abundant locally, and its wide distribution might suggestit is not currently threatened. Bibliography. Ascorra, Solari & Wilson (1996), Ascorra, Wilson & Romo (1991), Bonaccorso et al. (2007), Fleming (1991), Gorchov et al. (1995), Hoffmann & Baker (2003), McLellan & Koopman (2008), Pine (1972), Solari & Baker (2006), Tuttle (1970), Wilson (1979).","taxonomy":"Carollia benkeithi Solari & R. J. Baker, 2006 , “ 2 km S of Tingo Maria, Province of Leoncio Prado, Department of Huanuco , Peru , at approximately 9° 18’ S , 75º 59' W .” Carollia benkeithi was split from C. castanea , which was shown to be a species complex based on molecular and morphological analyses. Monotypic.","commonNames":"Carollia de Ben Keith @fr | Keith-Kurzschwanzblattnase @de | Carolia de Ben Keith @es | Benkeith's Short-tailed Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"69DMJ","interpretedAuthority":"Solari & R. J. Baker, 2006","interpretedAuthorityName":"Solari & R. J. Baker","interpretedAuthorityYear":"2006","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Carollia","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"51","interpretedPageNumber":"535","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"benkeithi","name":"Carollia benkeithi","subspeciesAndDistribution":"Lowland forests of W Brazil , E Peru , and N Bolivia , S of the Amazon River. Because of abundance of individuals in the C. castanea complex, hampering precise species identification in the field and in collections, a detailed assessment ofits distribution is still needed.","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458817/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Ascorra, Solari & Wilson (1996) | Ascorra, Wilson & Romo (1991) | Bonaccorso et al. (2007) | Fleming (1991) | Gorchov et al. (1995) | Hoffmann & Baker (2003) | McLellan & Koopman (2008) | Pine (1972) | Solari & Baker (2006) | Tuttle (1970) | Wilson (1979)","foodAndFeeding":"Similar to other species of Carollia , fruits are the primary food of Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat. It depends on Piper spp. in dry seasons, butit eats other fruit species during wet seasons, with preferences for fruits produced by understory plants such as Solanum (Solanaceae) and Vismia (Hypericaceae) . Insects are occasionally eaten. A study in south-eastern Peru found insect remains in ¢.20% of fecal samples, and more than 65% of feces included only fruit (including seeds of 48 plant species), and only one (2%) included pollen. Species of Carollia reacted to potential food (artificial fruit and real ripe Piper ) only when it had the typical odor of ripe fruit; they used odor as a primary clue to find ripe fruit. Shape and position offruits play important roles in foraging behavior. Echolocation is used for orientation in space and obstacle avoidance; echolocation calls are important at close range for final location of a fruit so it can be taken in flight.","breeding":"Female Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bats have been reproductively inactive in May-July and pregnant in February-March, September, and November, which is similar to what is known for other species of Carollia . No specific data exist for Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat, but the closely related Chestnut Short-tailed Bat ( C. castanea ) in Peru and Bolivia seems to be predominantly polyestrous.","activityPatterns":"Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat is active during the first hours after sunset. Field data suggest that it is more active in the first one-half of the night, with only occasional captures after midnight. Scarcity of roost records probably indicates the difficulty of properly identifying it inside a roost, or it might use roosts opportunistically. Known roosts include shallow caves, rock crevices, tree holes, and human structures such as tunnels and bridges.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"Ben Keith’s Short-tailed Bat seems to have small home ranges. It will share hollow trees with congeners such as the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum), Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( C. perspicillata ), and the Proboscis Bat ( Rhynchonycteris naso ).","statusAndConservation":"Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat can be fairly abundant locally, and its wide distribution might suggestit is not currently threatened.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 52-58 mm, tail 5-14 mm, ear 11-20 mm, hindfoot 8-14 mm, forearm 33-7-37-2 mm; weight 11-16 g. Ben Keith’s Short-tailed Batis small. Dorsal hairs lack sharply defined banding; they have broad buffy chestnut band at bases, followed by brown yellowish band, and then narrow chestnut to dull gray-brown tips. Ventral fur has short bicolored, brown-tipped hairs. Forearms are short and naked, with tuft of hairs at bases of thumbs. Uropatagium is wide, with shallow distal notch. Tail is short, almost one-third the length of uropatagium. Wings are attached to ankles. Muzzle is conspicuous but short; lower lip has central papillae surrounded by smaller warts in a V-shape. Noseleafis short, with elongated tip. Ears are moderately large and triangular, and tips are pointed. Rostrum is short, braincase is globular, and zygomatic arches are incomplete. Anterior upper tooth row (to P?) is almost parallel, but posterior one-half is more divergent. Upper and lower molars are not broad. Cusps of M| are reduced and inconspicuous in side view. Dental formula for all species of Carollinis 12/2, C 1/1, P 2/2 M 3/3 (22) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 22 and FN = 38, with a single pair of mediumsmall acrocentric autosomes.","habitat":"Typically tropical evergreen forests, but also secondary forests and much less commonly clearings or plantations, at elevations mostly below 1000 m . Locally, Ben Keith’s Short-tailed Bat can be the most abundant species of bats in some habitats, but it can be variably abundant at a regional scale. Some specimens from eastern Peru were more commonly mist-netted in brushy vegetation containing Piper sp. ( Piperaceae ) along edges of a small airstrip in the middle ofa village."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF82FF8216B8FE74F83AF91B.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF82FF8216B8FE74F83AF91B","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"535","verbatimText":"104. Chestnut Short-tailed Bat Carollia castanea French: Carollia dAllen / German: Kastanienbraune Kurzschwanzblattnase / Spanish: Carolia de Allen Taxonomy. Carollia castanea H. Allen, 1890 , “ Costa Rica .” Restricted by R. H. Pine in 1972 to Angostura, San José, Costa Rica . S. Solari and R.J. Baker in 2006 identified C. castanea as a species complex based on molecular and morphological analyses. This account deals with the species as treated by L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 that included C. castanea (sensu stricto) plus an unnamed species. Monotypic. Distribution. Central America from W Honduras to NW South America, including Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Ecuador , and N Peru , N of the Amazon River. Because of abundance of individuals of the C. castanea complex, hampering precise species identification in the field and in collections, a detailed assessment of its distribution is still needed. Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-60 mm, tail 7-14 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 9-14 mm, forearm 34-38 mm; weight 11-16 g. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat is small. Dorsal color varies from dull, dark gray-brown or chestnut to pale tan, rarely grayish; tricolored banding of hairs is not well defined; bases are dull brown; and fur is ¢. 6 mm long. Ventral hairs are short and bicolored, with brown tips. Forearms are short and naked, with tuft of hair at bases of thumbs. Uropatagium is wide, with shallow distal notch. Tail is short, almost one-third the length of uropatagium. Wings are attached to ankles. Muzzle is conspicuous but short; lower lip has central papillae surrounded by smaller warts in a Vor U-shape. Noseleaf is short with elongated tip, and horseshoe is fused below nostrils and free on sides. Ears are moderately large and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is short, braincase is globular, and zygomatic arches are incomplete. Anterior upper tooth row (to P?) is almost parallel, but posterior one-half is more divergent. Lower premolars are graded, with P, being smaller rather than subequal; there is a gap between them. Upper and lower molars are broad. Cusps of M, are reduced and not visible in lateral view. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 (females) and 21 (males) and FN = 38, with an autosometranslocated to the subtelocentric X-chromosome. Habitat. Common in secondary woodland, clearings, and plantations and less common in mature forests, clearings, and fruit groves, mostly below elevations of 1000 m . Food and Feeding. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat is most specialized on fruits of Piper (Piperaceae) , mostly in dry seasons; it eats fruits form various trees like Markea panamensis ( Solanaceae ) and Dipteryx panamensis ( Fabaceae ) in wet seasons. Insects are occasionally eaten. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat forages near moist areas and is caught most frequently in tropical evergreen forests. It uses understory vegetation, where it concentratesits feeding on fruits of shrubs and small trees, especially slender green, candle-like fruits of Piper plants. Itis one of the most important seed dispersers for Piper and many other plants with small fruits. Breeding. Central American populations of Chestnut Short-tailed Bats in Panama have at least two birth peaks in April-May and August-November, confirming a polyestrous breeding pattern. Nevertheless, these records were taken from widely separate localities, and a fixed breeding pattern might characterize populations in a given area. Activity patterns. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat is most active 1-3 hours shortly after sunset. Peak activity seems to occur for 3-5 hours of the night. Field data also confirm that it 1s more active during the first one-half of the night, with occasional captures after midnight. Scarcity of records might indicate difficulty of properly identifying it in roosts, or an opportunistic use of roosts where available. Chestnut Short-tailed Bats roost in caves, tunnels, hollow trees, and mines and under overhanging roots. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat has small home ranges. It was found sharing a shallow limestone cave with Seba’s Shorttailed Bats ( C. perspicillata ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chest nut Short-tailed Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large and stable population. Bibliography. Allen (1890c), Bonaccorso et al. (2007), Fleming (1991), Fleming et al. (1972), Gorchov etal. (1995), Hoffmann & Baker (2003), McLellan & Koopman (2008), Pine (1972), Reid (2009), Solari & Baker (2006), Thies & Kalko (2004), Thies etal. (2006), Wilson (1979).","taxonomy":"Carollia castanea H. Allen, 1890 , “ Costa Rica .” Restricted by R. H. Pine in 1972 to Angostura, San José, Costa Rica . S. Solari and R.J. Baker in 2006 identified C. castanea as a species complex based on molecular and morphological analyses. This account deals with the species as treated by L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 that included C. castanea (sensu stricto) plus an unnamed species. Monotypic.","commonNames":"Carollia d Allen @fr | Kastanienbraune Kurzschwanzblattnase @de | Carolia de Allen @es","interpretedID-CoL":"69DMH","interpretedAuthority":"H. Allen, 1890","interpretedAuthorityName":"H. Allen","interpretedAuthorityYear":"1890","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Carollia","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"51","interpretedPageNumber":"535","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"castanea","name":"Carollia castanea","subspeciesAndDistribution":"Central America from W Honduras to NW South America, including Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Ecuador , and N Peru , N of the Amazon River. Because of abundance of individuals of the C. castanea complex, hampering precise species identification in the field and in collections, a detailed assessment of its distribution is still needed.","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458819/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Allen (1890c) | Bonaccorso et al. (2007) | Fleming (1991) | Fleming et al. (1972) | Gorchov etal. (1995) | Hoffmann & Baker (2003) | McLellan & Koopman (2008) | Pine (1972) | Reid (2009) | Solari & Baker (2006) | Thies & Kalko (2004) | Thies etal. (2006) | Wilson (1979)","foodAndFeeding":"The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat is most specialized on fruits of Piper (Piperaceae) , mostly in dry seasons; it eats fruits form various trees like Markea panamensis ( Solanaceae ) and Dipteryx panamensis ( Fabaceae ) in wet seasons. Insects are occasionally eaten. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat forages near moist areas and is caught most frequently in tropical evergreen forests. It uses understory vegetation, where it concentratesits feeding on fruits of shrubs and small trees, especially slender green, candle-like fruits of Piper plants. Itis one of the most important seed dispersers for Piper and many other plants with small fruits.","breeding":"Central American populations of Chestnut Short-tailed Bats in Panama have at least two birth peaks in April-May and August-November, confirming a polyestrous breeding pattern. Nevertheless, these records were taken from widely separate localities, and a fixed breeding pattern might characterize populations in a given area.","activityPatterns":"The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat is most active 1-3 hours shortly after sunset. Peak activity seems to occur for 3-5 hours of the night. Field data also confirm that it 1s more active during the first one-half of the night, with occasional captures after midnight. Scarcity of records might indicate difficulty of properly identifying it in roosts, or an opportunistic use of roosts where available. Chestnut Short-tailed Bats roost in caves, tunnels, hollow trees, and mines and under overhanging roots.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat has small home ranges. It was found sharing a shallow limestone cave with Seba’s Shorttailed Bats ( C. perspicillata ).","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chest nut Short-tailed Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large and stable population.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 48-60 mm, tail 7-14 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 9-14 mm, forearm 34-38 mm; weight 11-16 g. The Chestnut Short-tailed Bat is small. Dorsal color varies from dull, dark gray-brown or chestnut to pale tan, rarely grayish; tricolored banding of hairs is not well defined; bases are dull brown; and fur is ¢. 6 mm long. Ventral hairs are short and bicolored, with brown tips. Forearms are short and naked, with tuft of hair at bases of thumbs. Uropatagium is wide, with shallow distal notch. Tail is short, almost one-third the length of uropatagium. Wings are attached to ankles. Muzzle is conspicuous but short; lower lip has central papillae surrounded by smaller warts in a Vor U-shape. Noseleaf is short with elongated tip, and horseshoe is fused below nostrils and free on sides. Ears are moderately large and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is short, braincase is globular, and zygomatic arches are incomplete. Anterior upper tooth row (to P?) is almost parallel, but posterior one-half is more divergent. Lower premolars are graded, with P, being smaller rather than subequal; there is a gap between them. Upper and lower molars are broad. Cusps of M, are reduced and not visible in lateral view. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 (females) and 21 (males) and FN = 38, with an autosometranslocated to the subtelocentric X-chromosome.","habitat":"Common in secondary woodland, clearings, and plantations and less common in mature forests, clearings, and fruit groves, mostly below elevations of 1000 m ."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF82FF8516BFF412FC03F4A3.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF82FF8516BFF412FC03F4A3","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"535","verbatimText":"105. Gray Short-tailed Bat Carollia subrufa French: Carollia de Hahn / German: Hahn-Kurzschwanzblattnase / Spanish: Carolia de Hahn Other common names: Hahn's Short-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Hemiderma subrufum Hahn, 1905 , “Santa Ifigenia [= Santa Efigenia], Oaxaca , Mexico .” This species is monotypic. On following pages: 106. Manu Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia manu ); 107. Sowell's Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia sowell); 108. Silky Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia perspicillata ); 111. Behn's Big-eared Bat ( Glyphonycteris behnii ); 112. Davies's Big-eared Bat ( Glyphonycteris ( Trinycteris nicefori ); 115. Least Big-eared Bat ( Neonycteris pusilla ); 116. Hairy Little Fruit Bat ( Rhinophylla alethina ); 117 Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia brevicaudum); 109. Hernandez's Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia monohernandezi ); 110. Seba’s davies); 113. Tricolored Big-eared Bat ( Glyphonycteris sylvestris ); 114. Niceforo’s Big-eared Bat. Fischer's Little Fruit Bat ( Rhinophylla fischerae ); 118. Dwarf Little Fruit Bat ( Rhinophylla pumilio ). Distribution. Pacific slope from Jalisco (W Mexico ) to NW Costa Rica . Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-78 mm, tail 5—15 mm , ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 10-15 mm, forearm 34-40 mm; weight 18 g . The Gray Short-tailed Bat is intermediate in size between the Chestnut Short-tailed Bat ( C. castanea ) and Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( C. perspicillata ). It has three dorsal bands, with short gray hair, but basal and intermediate bands are not clearly distinguished. Fur between shoulders is red-brown to dark brown. Forearms are generally hairless. Rostrum is short, and lower lip has central papillae surrounded by smaller warts in a V-shape. Skull is robust, and zygomatic arches are incomplete. Over the palate, half of the tooth row is divergent, and I, are clearly visible in the jaw. Habitat. Dry, evergreen, pine-oak primary forests and also cultivated areas and secondary woodlands from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1200 m . In Costa Rica , the Gray Shorttailed Bat has been found in lowland dry forests. In El Salvador , it has been found in hollow Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ). Food and Feeding. The Gray Short-tailed Bat is mainly frugivorous and nectarivorous, and it occasionally eats insects. It is reported to prefer fruits of Brosimum alicastrum ( Moraceae ), Cecropia peltate ( Urticaceae ), Ficus morazaniana and FE ovalis ( Moraceae ), Muntingia calabura ( Muntingiaceae ), Piper amalago and P. pseudofuligineum ( Piperaceae ), Mastichodendron sp. ( Sapotaceae ), and Vismia baccifera ( Hypericaceae ). Breeding. The Gray Short-tailed Bat seems to have a bimodal polyestrous reproductive cycle. Pregnant females were found in December—March andJuly—October. It is monotocous (one young at a time). In El Salvador , juveniles have been reported in April, September, and October, and males with scrotal testes in January, March, August, and December. In Mexico, pregnant females have been reported in May. Activity patterns. The Gray Short-tailed Bat becomes active at the beginning of the night. It roosts in caves, hollow trees, and human structures. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Gray Short-tailed Bat is considered gregarious and shares roosts with Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ) and the Long-legged Bat ( Macrophyllum macrophyllum ). Gray Short-tailed Bats are not present in caves with Seba’s Short-tailed Bats. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Bonaccorso & Gush (1987), Hahn (1905), LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002), Miller et al. (2015a), Ortega et al. (2008), Pine (1972), Starrett & de la Torre (1964), Tellez (2014b).","taxonomy":"Hemiderma subrufum Hahn, 1905 , “Santa Ifigenia [= Santa Efigenia], Oaxaca , Mexico .” This species is monotypic. On following pages: 106. Manu Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia manu ); 107. Sowell's Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia sowell); 108. Silky Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia perspicillata ); 111. Behn's Big-eared Bat ( Glyphonycteris behnii ); 112. Davies's Big-eared Bat ( Glyphonycteris ( Trinycteris nicefori ); 115. Least Big-eared Bat ( Neonycteris pusilla ); 116. Hairy Little Fruit Bat ( Rhinophylla alethina ); 117 Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia brevicaudum); 109. Hernandez's Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia monohernandezi ); 110. Seba’s davies); 113. Tricolored Big-eared Bat ( Glyphonycteris sylvestris ); 114. Niceforo’s Big-eared Bat. Fischer's Little Fruit Bat ( Rhinophylla fischerae ); 118. Dwarf Little Fruit Bat ( Rhinophylla pumilio ).","commonNames":"Carollia de Hahn @fr | Hahn-Kurzschwanzblattnase @de | Carolia de Hahn @es | Hahn's Short-tailed Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"5XDLK","interpretedBaseAuthorityName":"Hahn","interpretedBaseAuthorityYear":"1905","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Carollia","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"51","interpretedPageNumber":"535","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"subrufa","name":"Carollia subrufa","subspeciesAndDistribution":"Pacific slope from Jalisco (W Mexico ) to NW Costa Rica .","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458821/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Bonaccorso & Gush (1987) | Hahn (1905) | LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002) | Miller et al. (2015a) | Ortega et al. (2008) | Pine (1972) | Starrett & de la Torre (1964) | Tellez (2014b)","foodAndFeeding":"The Gray Short-tailed Bat is mainly frugivorous and nectarivorous, and it occasionally eats insects. It is reported to prefer fruits of Brosimum alicastrum ( Moraceae ), Cecropia peltate ( Urticaceae ), Ficus morazaniana and FE ovalis ( Moraceae ), Muntingia calabura ( Muntingiaceae ), Piper amalago and P. pseudofuligineum ( Piperaceae ), Mastichodendron sp. ( Sapotaceae ), and Vismia baccifera ( Hypericaceae ).","breeding":"The Gray Short-tailed Bat seems to have a bimodal polyestrous reproductive cycle. Pregnant females were found in December—March andJuly—October. It is monotocous (one young at a time). In El Salvador , juveniles have been reported in April, September, and October, and males with scrotal testes in January, March, August, and December. In Mexico, pregnant females have been reported in May.","activityPatterns":"The Gray Short-tailed Bat becomes active at the beginning of the night. It roosts in caves, hollow trees, and human structures.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"The Gray Short-tailed Bat is considered gregarious and shares roosts with Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ) and the Long-legged Bat ( Macrophyllum macrophyllum ). Gray Short-tailed Bats are not present in caves with Seba’s Short-tailed Bats.","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 56-78 mm, tail 5—15 mm , ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 10-15 mm, forearm 34-40 mm; weight 18 g . The Gray Short-tailed Bat is intermediate in size between the Chestnut Short-tailed Bat ( C. castanea ) and Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( C. perspicillata ). It has three dorsal bands, with short gray hair, but basal and intermediate bands are not clearly distinguished. Fur between shoulders is red-brown to dark brown. Forearms are generally hairless. Rostrum is short, and lower lip has central papillae surrounded by smaller warts in a V-shape. Skull is robust, and zygomatic arches are incomplete. Over the palate, half of the tooth row is divergent, and I, are clearly visible in the jaw.","habitat":"Dry, evergreen, pine-oak primary forests and also cultivated areas and secondary woodlands from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1200 m . In Costa Rica , the Gray Shorttailed Bat has been found in lowland dry forests. In El Salvador , it has been found in hollow Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae )."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF84FF8413B9F63BFA22F11F.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF84FF8413B9F63BFA22F11F","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"537","verbatimText":"109. Hernandez’s Short-tailed Bat Carollia monohernandezi French: Carollia d'Hernandez / German: Hernandez-Kurzschwanzblattnase / Spanish: Carolia de Hernandez Other common names: Mono's Short-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Carollia monohernandezi Munoz, Cuartas & M. Gonzalez, 2004 , “ Republica de Colombia , departamento de Caqueta , municipio de Florencia, vereda Villaraz ... 01° 37’ N , 75° 40° W. ” This taxonomic definition was restricted to the holotype only after a morphological study by D. Zurc and P. M. Velazco in 2010; most of the original paratypes were identified either as C. brevicaudum (five of 17) or C. perspicillata (eleven of 17); four of the original paratypes are lost. Taxonomic validity of C. monohernandezi is still in question and requires genetic study. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from type locality in SE Colombia . Descriptive notes. Head-body 50 mm , tail 11 mm , ear 20 mm , hindfoot 11 mm , forearm 39-6 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Hernandez’s Short-tailed Bat is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, and hairs are short, with three well-defined bands and dull brown bases. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with brown tips. Forearm is naked,like that of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( C. perspicillata ). Uropatagium is wide, enclosing short tail, almost one-third the width of uropatagium. Wings are attached to ankles. Lowerlip has central papilla surrounded by smaller warts in a U-shape. Noseleafis short, with elongated tip. Ears are moderately large and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is short; braincase is tall and rounded, with low sagittal crest; and zygomatic arches are incomplete. M* has well-defined posterior cusp. I, is not concealed by cingula of Cand thus more like in the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum). Habitat. Only recorded from pre-montane humid forest on eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia (west of the llanos). Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but Hernandez’s Short-tailed Batis expected to include fruits as primary food. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Uncertain taxonomic status of Hernandez’s Short-tailed Bat makes a conservation assessment difficult. Bibliography. Fleming (1991), McLellan & Koopman (2008), Munoz et al. (2004), Pine (1972), Zurc & Velazco (2010).","taxonomy":"Carollia monohernandezi Munoz, Cuartas & M. Gonzalez, 2004 , “ Republica de Colombia , departamento de Caqueta , municipio de Florencia, vereda Villaraz ... 01° 37’ N , 75° 40° W. ” This taxonomic definition was restricted to the holotype only after a morphological study by D. Zurc and P. M. Velazco in 2010; most of the original paratypes were identified either as C. brevicaudum (five of 17) or C. perspicillata (eleven of 17); four of the original paratypes are lost. Taxonomic validity of C. monohernandezi is still in question and requires genetic study. Monotypic.","commonNames":"Carollia d'Hernandez @fr | Hernandez-Kurzschwanzblattnase @de | Carolia de Hernandez @es | Mono's Short-tailed Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"5XDLM","interpretedAuthority":"Munoz, Cuartas & M. Gonzalez, 2004","interpretedAuthorityName":"Munoz, Cuartas & M. Gonzalez","interpretedAuthorityYear":"2004","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Carollia","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"53","interpretedPageNumber":"537","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"monohernandezi","name":"Carollia monohernandezi","subspeciesAndDistribution":"Known only from type locality in SE Colombia .","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458829/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Fleming (1991) | McLellan & Koopman (2008) | Munoz et al. (2004) | Pine (1972) | Zurc & Velazco (2010)","foodAndFeeding":"There is no specific information available for this species, but Hernandez’s Short-tailed Batis expected to include fruits as primary food.","breeding":"No information.","activityPatterns":"No information.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"No information.","statusAndConservation":"Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Uncertain taxonomic status of Hernandez’s Short-tailed Bat makes a conservation assessment difficult.","descriptiveNotes":"Head-body 50 mm , tail 11 mm , ear 20 mm , hindfoot 11 mm , forearm 39-6 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Hernandez’s Short-tailed Bat is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, and hairs are short, with three well-defined bands and dull brown bases. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with brown tips. Forearm is naked,like that of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( C. perspicillata ). Uropatagium is wide, enclosing short tail, almost one-third the width of uropatagium. Wings are attached to ankles. Lowerlip has central papilla surrounded by smaller warts in a U-shape. Noseleafis short, with elongated tip. Ears are moderately large and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is short; braincase is tall and rounded, with low sagittal crest; and zygomatic arches are incomplete. M* has well-defined posterior cusp. I, is not concealed by cingula of Cand thus more like in the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum).","habitat":"Only recorded from pre-montane humid forest on eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia (west of the llanos)."}
{"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom":"zip:hash://sha256/cf5eebcc494b7ca70843574adff34a4c973ca3aff9b8498ef6c9be475add946d!/03A687BCFF84FF8716BCFC19FDE1FB89.xml","http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":"application/plazi+xml","docId":"03A687BCFF84FF8716BCFC19FDE1FB89","docName":"hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf","docOrigin":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions","docMasterId":"hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244","docISBN":"978-84-16728-19-0","docPageNumber":"537","verbatimText":"110. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat Carollia perspicillata French: Carollia commune / German: Brillenblattnase / Spanish: Carolia comuna Other common names: Common Short-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio perspicillatus Linnaeus, 1758 , “America.” Restricted by 0, Thomas in 1911 to: “ Surinam [= Suri name].” R. H. Pine in 1972 and L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 listed names previously used for C. perspicillata . Although Pine’s review did not formally recognize subspecies, morphometric analyses by McLellan in 1984 validated these subspecific names and believed that they were widely intergraded. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.p.perspicillataLinnaeus,1758—throughoutAmazonregionincludingEColombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,mostofBrazil,Ecuador,Peru,andBolivia;alsoonMargarita,Trinidad,andTobagoIs.ArecordfromGrenadacouldbeerroneousoranextralimitaloccurrence. C.p.aztecaSaussure,1860—fromNEMexico(STamaulipas)SthroughCentralAmericaintoSouthAmericaN&WofAmazonBasininVenezuela,Colombia,andEcuador. C. p. tricolor G. S. Miller, 1902 — Parana River drainage, including S Bolivia , Paraguay , S Brazil , and N Argentina . Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-70 mm, tail 8-16 mm, ear 12-22 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 15-25 g. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is the largest species of Carollia , although some measurements overlap with those of the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum) and Sowell’s Short-tailed Bat (C. sowellr) in specific parts of their distributions. Dorsal fur of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat varies from blackish to various browns, grays, and bright orange. Fur appears shorter (5-6 mm), coarser, and sparser than in similar species. Hair on nape of neck has three bands, dark basal band, lighter middle band, and darker terminal band (sometimesfaintly frosted), but bands do not contrast sharply. Forearm is sparsely haired and looks naked in most populations. Longer tibia and feet as compared to other Carollia species. Wing membranes are dark brown to blackish and attached to ankles. Uropatagium is wide, enclosing shorttail (about one-third the length of uropatagium), with a deep notch. Horseshoe of noseleaf is free on sides and fused below nostrils. Lower lip has central papilla surrounded by smaller warts in a U-shape. Ears are moderately large, broad, and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is elongated, braincase is robust, and interorbital region is slightly inflated. Upper tooth rows are fairly straight and more crowded than in the Silky Short-tailed Bat, with reduction of diastema between premolars. Lower jaw is Vshaped, and occlusal surface of I, is concealed by canine cingula. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 (females) or 21 (males) and FN = 36. Females are XX and males XY. additional Y is the homolog of an autosome translocated to the X element. Habitat. Typically humid tropical forests commonly at elevations below 1700 m and less frequently up to 3000 m . Seba’s Short-tailed Bat also is tolerates different habitats. It is found in tropical evergreen and deciduous forests and cleared areas covered with only grass, thickets, low shrubs, and a few trees. It might have a preference for degraded areas, where humans have transformed original forests into agricultural clearings. It can be found in open formations like savannas, cerrado, Pantanal wetlands, dry forests, deciduous forests, urban areas, and human-disturbed forests, but at lower densities. Food and Feeding. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is perhaps one of the most studied phyllostomids relative to its ecology, almost as much or greater than Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat ( Artibeus jamaicensis ) or Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ). Foraging patterns have been studied in detail in Costa Rica and Panama . More than 50% of dietary fruits are produced on low trees and shrubs, categorizing this bat in the “ground-story” frugivore guild. Fruit is usually carried off to be consumed in a temporary night roost. Individuals have spatially well-defined feeding patterns, with little overlap between individuals; Piper spp. ( Piperaceae ) is the preferred food during rainy seasons. Diet also includes other available fruits and some insects. Insect material constituted as much as 40% of stomach contents of Panamanian individuals in April-May. Insects constitute 10% of stomach contents in wet season and 40% in dry season in Costa Rica . It seems Seba’s Short-tailed Bat purposely supplements its diet with insects. Being a lowland species,it Is an important frugivore, consuming as many as 42 species offruits from 13 genera in twelve families of plants. As other species of Carolia ,it is strongly associated with species of Piper and Solanum (Solanaceae) but also species of Cecropia (Urticaceae) , Vismia (Hypericaceae) , and Anthurium (Araceae) . It supplements its diet with nectar and pollen during dry season when fruit availability is low and flower production peaks. Due to its abundance, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat can be an important pollinator of Ochroma lagopus ( Malvaceae ), Hymenaea courbaril ( Fabaceae ), Bombacopsis quinata ( Malvaceae ), Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Pseudobombax septenatum ( Malvaceae ), Crescentia sp. ( Bignoniaceae ), and Manilkara zapota ( Sapotaceae ) in Costa Rica . Breeding. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat shows bimodal polyestry, with birth peaks in February—May andJune-August in Panama butearlier in Colombia , suggesting a geographically variable pattern that adjusts to local rainfall regimes. In Costa Rica , pregnant and lactating females were observed in February—June and one pregnant female in December. Like other frugivores, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat could have two birth periods: one in the last one-half of dry season and other in middle of wet season. One young is born per pregnancy. Activity patterns. Seba’s Short-tailed Bats leave day roosts to forage soon after sunset, creating an early evening activity peak. No other clear peaks follow. Females and bachelor males commute to feeding areas, with exploratory flights constituting only 1-5% of 393 km collectively flown by 24 tagged individuals. They then search, harvest, and carry a fruit to a feeding roost and repeat these feeding passes 40-50 times per night. They return to day roosts between 03:00 h and 05:00 h, after ingesting at least their own weight in fruit pulp and seeds. They might carry fruits to day roosts at the end of the night. Most individuals forage within 2 km oftheir day roosts. Mean recapture distances vary from 167 m to 310 m and are correlated with body size. Seba’s Shorttailed Bats roost at caves, tunnels, mines, culverts, hollow trees, hollow logs, and houses and under bridges. There is a record of two individuals roosting under banana leaves. When found in caves, Seba’s Short-tailed Bats roost in the darkest or well-lit areas. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Seba’s Short-tailed Bats use understory vegetation, where they concentrate feeding activity on fruits, especially slender, green, candle-like fruits of Piper plants. They are gregarious; groups of ten to more than 100 individuals commonly roost together. Studies in captivity and in the wild indicate that they have a polygynous (harem) social organization. Males defend protected roosting sites where females aggregate, suggesting a resource defense system. Two types of roost sites exist: harem sites used by a single territorial adult male, one or severalfemales, and juvenile offspring and bachelorsites used by adult and subadult males that do not have harems. Young femalesjoin these latter groups seasonally. Only 12-17% of adult males have harems. In captive colonies, harems have 1-5 females; males actively recruit females by hovering and vocalizing, suggesting that females choose harems on the basis of male quality. Territorial males are faithful to a given roost for up to nine months, and harem males defend their territory even in the absence of females. They actively defend their harem from intruders by nosing, wing shaking, and vocalizing. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has low fecundity. Annual mortality rate is 53% for the first two years of life, and 22% for the following years. Life expectancy is 2-6 yearsat birth, and maximum life expectancy is nearly ten years. Survivorship of males and females is similar. Mother-young communication is mediated through sounds, but olfactory cues might also be important. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has been observed roosting with at least 35 other bat species in eight families. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is locally abundant, has a wide distribution,is very tolerant of various habitats, and occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution. Bibliography. Baker & Bleier (1971), Bonaccorso et al. (2006), Castano et al. (2018), Charles-Dominique (1991), Cloutier & Thomas (1992), Durant et al. (2013), Fleming (1988, 1991), Fleming & Heithaus (1986), Fleming et al. (1972), Genowayset al. (1998), Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), Gorchov et al. (1995), Heithaus & Fleming (1978), Hoffmann & Baker (2003), Hsu et al. (1968), Maguina et al. (2012), McLellan (1984), McLellan & Koopman (2008), Pine (1972), Reid (2009), Seba (1734), Smith & Genoways (1974), Stoner (2001), Thies & Kalko (2004), Thomas (1911a), Wilson (1979).","taxonomy":"Vespertilio perspicillatus Linnaeus, 1758 , “America.” Restricted by 0, Thomas in 1911 to: “ Surinam [= Suri name].” R. H. Pine in 1972 and L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 listed names previously used for C. perspicillata . Although Pine’s review did not formally recognize subspecies, morphometric analyses by McLellan in 1984 validated these subspecific names and believed that they were widely intergraded. Three subspecies recognized.","commonNames":"Carollia commune @fr | Brillenblattnase @de | Carolia comuna @es | Common Short-tailed Bat @en","interpretedID-CoL":"69DLM","interpretedBaseAuthorityName":"Linnaeus","interpretedBaseAuthorityYear":"1758","interpretedClass":"Mammalia","interpretedFamily":"Phyllostomidae","interpretedGenus":"Carollia","interpretedKingdom":"Animalia","interpretedOrder":"Chiroptera","interpretedPageId":"53","interpretedPageNumber":"537","interpretedPhylum":"Chordata","interpretedRank":"species","interpretedSpecies":"perspicillata","name":"Carollia perspicillata","subspeciesAndDistribution":"C.p.perspicillataLinnaeus,1758—throughoutAmazonregionincludingEColombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,mostofBrazil,Ecuador,Peru,andBolivia;alsoonMargarita,Trinidad,andTobagoIs.ArecordfromGrenadacouldbeerroneousoranextralimitaloccurrence. C.p.aztecaSaussure,1860—fromNEMexico(STamaulipas)SthroughCentralAmericaintoSouthAmericaN&WofAmazonBasininVenezuela,Colombia,andEcuador. C. p. tricolor G. S. Miller, 1902 — Parana River drainage, including S Bolivia , Paraguay , S Brazil , and N Argentina .","distributionImageURL":"https://zenodo.org/record/6458831/files/figure.png","bibliography":"Baker & Bleier (1971) | Bonaccorso et al. (2006) | Castano et al. (2018) | Charles-Dominique (1991) | Cloutier & Thomas (1992) | Durant et al. (2013) | Fleming (1988, 1991) | Fleming & Heithaus (1986) | Fleming et al. (1972) | Genowayset al. (1998) | Goodwin & Greenhall (1961) | Gorchov et al. (1995) | Heithaus & Fleming (1978) | Hoffmann & Baker (2003) | Hsu et al. (1968) | Maguina et al. (2012) | McLellan (1984) | McLellan & Koopman (2008) | Pine (1972) | Reid (2009) | Seba (1734) | Smith & Genoways (1974) | Stoner (2001) | Thies & Kalko (2004) | Thomas (1911a) | Wilson (1979)","foodAndFeeding":"Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is perhaps one of the most studied phyllostomids relative to its ecology, almost as much or greater than Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat ( Artibeus jamaicensis ) or Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ). Foraging patterns have been studied in detail in Costa Rica and Panama . More than 50% of dietary fruits are produced on low trees and shrubs, categorizing this bat in the “ground-story” frugivore guild. Fruit is usually carried off to be consumed in a temporary night roost. Individuals have spatially well-defined feeding patterns, with little overlap between individuals; Piper spp. ( Piperaceae ) is the preferred food during rainy seasons. Diet also includes other available fruits and some insects. Insect material constituted as much as 40% of stomach contents of Panamanian individuals in April-May. Insects constitute 10% of stomach contents in wet season and 40% in dry season in Costa Rica . It seems Seba’s Short-tailed Bat purposely supplements its diet with insects. Being a lowland species,it Is an important frugivore, consuming as many as 42 species offruits from 13 genera in twelve families of plants. As other species of Carolia ,it is strongly associated with species of Piper and Solanum (Solanaceae) but also species of Cecropia (Urticaceae) , Vismia (Hypericaceae) , and Anthurium (Araceae) . It supplements its diet with nectar and pollen during dry season when fruit availability is low and flower production peaks. Due to its abundance, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat can be an important pollinator of Ochroma lagopus ( Malvaceae ), Hymenaea courbaril ( Fabaceae ), Bombacopsis quinata ( Malvaceae ), Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Pseudobombax septenatum ( Malvaceae ), Crescentia sp. ( Bignoniaceae ), and Manilkara zapota ( Sapotaceae ) in Costa Rica .","breeding":"Seba’s Short-tailed Bat shows bimodal polyestry, with birth peaks in February—May andJune-August in Panama butearlier in Colombia , suggesting a geographically variable pattern that adjusts to local rainfall regimes. In Costa Rica , pregnant and lactating females were observed in February—June and one pregnant female in December. Like other frugivores, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat could have two birth periods: one in the last one-half of dry season and other in middle of wet season. One young is born per pregnancy.","activityPatterns":"Seba’s Short-tailed Bats leave day roosts to forage soon after sunset, creating an early evening activity peak. No other clear peaks follow. Females and bachelor males commute to feeding areas, with exploratory flights constituting only 1-5% of 393 km collectively flown by 24 tagged individuals. They then search, harvest, and carry a fruit to a feeding roost and repeat these feeding passes 40-50 times per night. They return to day roosts between 03:00 h and 05:00 h, after ingesting at least their own weight in fruit pulp and seeds. They might carry fruits to day roosts at the end of the night. Most individuals forage within 2 km oftheir day roosts. Mean recapture distances vary from 167 m to 310 m and are correlated with body size. Seba’s Shorttailed Bats roost at caves, tunnels, mines, culverts, hollow trees, hollow logs, and houses and under bridges. There is a record of two individuals roosting under banana leaves. When found in caves, Seba’s Short-tailed Bats roost in the darkest or well-lit areas.","movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization":"Seba’s Short-tailed Bats use understory vegetation, where they concentrate feeding activity on fruits, especially slender, green, candle-like fruits of Piper plants. They are gregarious; groups of ten to more than 100 individuals commonly roost together. Studies in captivity and in the wild indicate that they have a polygynous (harem) social organization. Males defend protected roosting sites where females aggregate, suggesting a resource defense system. Two types of roost sites exist: harem sites used by a single territorial adult male, one or severalfemales, and juvenile offspring and bachelorsites used by adult and subadult males that do not have harems. Young femalesjoin these latter groups seasonally. Only 12-17% of adult males have harems. In captive colonies, harems have 1-5 females; males actively recruit females by hovering and vocalizing, suggesting that females choose harems on the basis of male quality. Territorial males are faithful to a given roost for up to nine months, and harem males defend their territory even in the absence of females. They actively defend their harem from intruders by nosing, wing shaking, and vocalizing. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has low fecundity. Annual mortality rate is 53% for the first two years of life, and 22% for the following years. Life expectancy is 2-6 yearsat birth, and maximum life expectancy is nearly ten years. Survivorship of males and females is similar. Mother-young communication is mediated through sounds, but olfactory cues might also be important. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has been observed roosting with at least 35 other bat species in eight families.","statusAndConservation":"Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is locally abundant, has a wide distribution,is very tolerant of various habitats, and occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution.","descriptiveNotes":"Head—body 48-70 mm, tail 8-16 mm, ear 12-22 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 15-25 g. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is the largest species of Carollia , although some measurements overlap with those of the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum) and Sowell’s Short-tailed Bat (C. sowellr) in specific parts of their distributions. Dorsal fur of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat varies from blackish to various browns, grays, and bright orange. Fur appears shorter (5-6 mm), coarser, and sparser than in similar species. Hair on nape of neck has three bands, dark basal band, lighter middle band, and darker terminal band (sometimesfaintly frosted), but bands do not contrast sharply. Forearm is sparsely haired and looks naked in most populations. Longer tibia and feet as compared to other Carollia species. Wing membranes are dark brown to blackish and attached to ankles. Uropatagium is wide, enclosing shorttail (about one-third the length of uropatagium), with a deep notch. Horseshoe of noseleaf is free on sides and fused below nostrils. Lower lip has central papilla surrounded by smaller warts in a U-shape. Ears are moderately large, broad, and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is elongated, braincase is robust, and interorbital region is slightly inflated. Upper tooth rows are fairly straight and more crowded than in the Silky Short-tailed Bat, with reduction of diastema between premolars. Lower jaw is Vshaped, and occlusal surface of I, is concealed by canine cingula. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 (females) or 21 (males) and FN = 36. Females are XX and males XY. additional Y is the homolog of an autosome translocated to the X element.","habitat":"Typically humid tropical forests commonly at elevations below 1700 m and less frequently up to 3000 m . Seba’s Short-tailed Bat also is tolerates different habitats. It is found in tropical evergreen and deciduous forests and cleared areas covered with only grass, thickets, low shrubs, and a few trees. It might have a preference for degraded areas, where humans have transformed original forests into agricultural clearings. It can be found in open formations like savannas, cerrado, Pantanal wetlands, dry forests, deciduous forests, urban areas, and human-disturbed forests, but at lower densities."}