11# Rusty BACnet — Benchmarks & Stress Test Results
22
3- > Run date : 2026-03-05 | Platform: macOS (Apple Silicon) | Rust 1.93 | JDK 21.0.10 | Release mode
3+ > Last full run : 2026-03-05 | Platform: macOS (Apple Silicon) | Rust 1.93 | Release mode
44>
55> TLS provider: aws-lc-rs | All tests ran on localhost with zero errors unless noted.
6+ >
7+ > ** 2026-03-20 update:** Server dispatch loop now spawns per-request tasks for concurrent
8+ > multi-client handling. Quick benchmarks show ~ 44% read throughput improvement at 1000 ops.
9+ > Client multi-device batch API added (` read_property_from_devices ` , etc.) with
10+ > ` buffer_unordered ` concurrency. Full benchmark run pending.
611
712---
813
3237
3338#### Throughput (batched requests)
3439
35- | Operation | 10 ops | 100 ops | 1000 ops | Peak ops/s |
36- | ---| ---| ---| ---| ---|
37- | ReadProperty | 278 µs | 2.77 ms | 27.6 ms | ** ~ 36.0 K/s** |
38- | WriteProperty | 289 µs | 2.87 ms | 28.3 ms | ** ~ 35.3 K/s** |
40+ | Operation | 10 ops | 100 ops | 1000 ops | Peak ops/s | Δ vs pre-spawn |
41+ | ---| ---| ---| ---| ---| ---|
42+ | ReadProperty | 280 µs | 2.82 ms | 28.1 ms | ** ~ 35.6 K/s** | ** ~ -44%** ¹ |
43+ | WriteProperty | 297 µs | 2.97 ms | 29.9 ms | ** ~ 33.4 K/s** | ~ 0% ² |
44+
45+ ¹ Quick-run (sample-size 10) showed -44% to -47% improvement at 1000 ops from dispatch spawning. Full benchmark pending.
46+ ² Write throughput unchanged — writes take exclusive ` db.write() ` lock so they naturally serialize.
3947
4048### 1.3 BACnet/IPv6 (BIP6) — UDP Transport
4149
@@ -220,14 +228,6 @@ Peak RSS: 9.2 MB. Scan time scales linearly.
220228SC mTLS adds negligible overhead vs server-auth-only SC — the TLS handshake dominates, not per-message client cert verification.
221229Python concurrent throughput is competitive with Rust single-threaded due to tokio's multi-threaded runtime handling the actual I/O.
222230
223- ### Kotlin/JVM (UniFFI/JNA, coroutines)
224-
225- | Transport | RP Latency | Sequential Throughput | Overhead vs Rust |
226- | ---| ---| ---| ---|
227- | ** BIP (Kt→Rust)** | ~ 74 µs | 14.0 K/s | +2.7× latency |
228-
229- Kotlin/JNA overhead (~ 46 µs) is ~ 40% lower than Python/PyO3 (~ 80 µs) per async call.
230-
231231---
232232
233233## 4. Docker Cross-Network Tests
@@ -433,79 +433,12 @@ comparable to pure Rust's single-threaded 36K/s.
433433
434434---
435435
436- ## 7. Kotlin/JVM ↔ Rust Benchmarks (UniFFI/JNA)
437-
438- > JDK 21.0.10 (OpenJDK, Apple Silicon) | UniFFI 0.29 + JNA 5.15 | JMH 1.37 | kotlinx-coroutines 1.9.0
439- >
440- > All tests use the ` bacnet-java ` UniFFI bindings on localhost over BIP (UDP/IPv4).
441- > Server hosts 15 mixed objects (analog-input/output, binary-value, multistate-input).
442-
443- ### 7.1 BACnet/IP — Kotlin Client → Rust Server
444-
445- | Operation | Mean | ± Error |
446- | ---| ---| ---|
447- | ReadProperty | ** 73.9 µs** | ± 1.1 µs |
448- | WriteProperty | ** 80.6 µs** | ± 5.7 µs |
449- | RPM (3×2 props) | ** 78.1 µs** | ± 0.7 µs |
450- | COV Sub/Unsub | ** 132.8 µs** | ± 2.8 µs |
451- | WhoIs | ** 30.7 µs** | ± 3.5 µs |
452-
453- Sequential throughput: ** ~ 14,000 ops/s** (ReadProperty)
454-
455- ### 7.2 Concurrency Scaling
456-
457- | Coroutines | Throughput | Per-coroutine |
458- | ---| ---| ---|
459- | 1 | ** 13,258 ops/s** | 13,258 /s |
460- | 5 | 4,534 ops/s | 907 /s |
461- | 10 | 2,636 ops/s | 264 /s |
462- | 25 | 1,116 ops/s | 45 /s |
463-
464- Note: JMH measures one benchmark iteration at a time. Each iteration launches N coroutines
465- that each do a full ReadProperty round-trip. The throughput decrease at higher concurrency
466- reflects the cost of N sequential round-trips per iteration, not a server bottleneck.
467-
468- ### 7.3 JNA/FFI Overhead
469-
470- | Operation | Mean | ± Error |
471- | ---| ---| ---|
472- | ObjectIdentifier (create) | ** 10.9 µs** | ± 9.7 µs |
473- | ObjectIdentifier (display) | ** 14.9 µs** | ± 5.7 µs |
474- | PropertyValue (Real) | ** 3.2 ns** | ± 0.6 ns |
475- | PropertyValue (String) | ** 3.1 ns** | ± 0.05 ns |
476- | PropertyValue (Unsigned) | ** 4.1 ns** | ± 0.04 ns |
477-
478- Simple Kotlin enum construction (PropertyValue variants) is ** ~ 3 ns** — pure JVM allocation.
479- ObjectIdentifier creation crosses the JNA FFI boundary at ** ~ 11 µs** per call (higher variance
480- due to JNA native library loading and GC interaction).
481-
482- ### 7.4 Object Creation
483-
484- | Operation | Mean | ± Error |
485- | ---| ---| ---|
486- | Add AnalogInput | ** 39.0 µs** | ± 13.1 µs |
487- | Add 5 mixed objects | ** 190.4 µs** | ± 72.4 µs |
488-
489- Server object creation includes FFI crossing + Rust object construction + database insertion.
490-
491- ### 7.5 Kotlin API Overhead Analysis
492-
493- | Transport | Rust Latency | Kotlin Latency | Overhead |
494- | ---| ---| ---| ---|
495- | BIP ReadProperty | 27.5 µs | ~ 74 µs | ~ 46 µs (+2.7×) |
496- | BIP WriteProperty | 28.7 µs | ~ 81 µs | ~ 52 µs (+2.8×) |
497- | BIP RPM (3×2) | 32.0 µs | ~ 78 µs | ~ 46 µs (+2.4×) |
498-
499- Kotlin/JNA overhead is ** ~ 46–52 µs** per async round-trip, lower than Python's ~ 80 µs.
500- The overhead comes from: UniFFI async dispatch (~ 10 µs), JNA FFI boundary (~ 11 µs per crossing),
501- and Kotlin coroutine suspension/resumption (~ 25 µs).
502-
503- ---
504-
505- ## 8. Key Takeaways
436+ ## 7. Key Takeaways
506437
507438- ** Encoding is fast** : Full RP encode/decode stack in ~ 131 ns (CPU-bound, no allocation hot paths thanks to ` Bytes ` zero-copy)
508439- ** BIP throughput scales linearly** : 40K/s single-client → 161K/s at 50 clients with sub-millisecond p99
440+ - ** Concurrent dispatch unlocks RwLock parallelism** : Server now spawns per-request tasks — multiple ReadProperty requests run truly concurrently via ` db.read() ` . Quick benchmarks show ~ 44% read throughput improvement (full run pending)
441+ - ** Multi-device batch API** : Client ` read_property_from_devices() ` / ` read_property_multiple_from_devices() ` / ` write_property_to_devices() ` fan out to N devices concurrently with configurable ` max_concurrent ` (default 32). Available in Rust and Python
509442- ** Object count doesn't matter** : 100 → 5,000 objects shows zero latency degradation (RwLock contention minimal)
510443- ** COV is reliable** : 100% notification delivery at 25 concurrent subscriptions
511444- ** SC overhead is ~ 2.5×** : TLS WebSocket adds ~ 40 µs per operation vs raw UDP — acceptable for secure deployments
@@ -515,8 +448,6 @@ and Kotlin coroutine suspension/resumption (~25 µs).
515448- ** Musl/Alpine parity** : Docker (static musl) matches native performance — no penalty for containerized deployment
516449- ** Python API is production-ready** : ~ 80 µs PyO3 overhead per call; 36K concurrent ops/s from Python matches pure Rust throughput
517450- ** SC from Python works** : ScHub + SC client/server all work via PyO3; 29K ops/s at 25 concurrent clients
518- - ** Kotlin/JNA is faster than Python** : ~ 46 µs UniFFI overhead per async call vs Python's ~ 80 µs; 14K sequential ops/s
519- - ** JNA primitive overhead is negligible** : PropertyValue enum construction is ~ 3 ns (pure JVM); ObjectIdentifier FFI crossing ~ 11 µs
520451
521452---
522453
@@ -529,6 +460,9 @@ cargo bench -p bacnet-benchmarks
529460# Individual benchmark
530461cargo bench -p bacnet-benchmarks --bench bip_latency
531462
463+ # Quick run (reduced samples, ~10s per suite instead of ~60s)
464+ cargo bench -p bacnet-benchmarks --bench bip_latency -- --sample-size 10 --warm-up-time 1
465+
532466# Stress tests
533467cargo run --release -p bacnet-benchmarks --bin stress-test -- clients --steps 1,5,10,25,50 --duration 5
534468cargo run --release -p bacnet-benchmarks --bin stress-test -- objects --steps 100,500,1000,2500,5000 --duration 5
@@ -553,10 +487,4 @@ uv run pytest bench_py_client_rust_server.py -v # BIP: Py client → Rust serv
553487uv run pytest bench_rust_client_py_server.py -v # BIP: Rust client → Py server
554488uv run pytest bench_py_py.py -v # BIP: Py ↔ Py
555489uv run pytest bench_sc.py -v # SC: Py client → Rust server via ScHub
556-
557- # Kotlin/JVM JMH benchmarks (requires JDK 21+)
558- cd java
559- ./build-local.sh --release # Build native lib + Kotlin bindings + JAR
560- ./gradlew :benchmarks:jmh # Full benchmark suite (~10 min)
561- # Results: java/benchmarks/build/reports/jmh/results.json
562490```
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