|
| 1 | +Drawing paths |
| 2 | +============= |
| 3 | + |
| 4 | +A path is a list of points, connected by segments of lines that can be of different shapes, curved or not, |
| 5 | +of different width and of different color. A path can be closed. To make shapes using paths, we take some |
| 6 | +extra steps: |
| 7 | + |
| 8 | +- First, you create the path with ``begin_path`` |
| 9 | +- Then you use drawing commands to add shapes into the path |
| 10 | +- Once the path has been created, you can ``stroke`` or ``fill`` the path to render it |
| 11 | + |
| 12 | +Here are the functions used to perform these steps: |
| 13 | + |
| 14 | +- ``begin_path()``: Creates a new path. Once created, future drawing commands are directed into the path and used to build the path up. |
| 15 | +- Draw commands like ``line_to`` and ``arc`` |
| 16 | +- ``close_path()``: Adds a straight line to the path, going to the start of the current path. |
| 17 | +- ``stroke()``: Draws the shape by stroking its outline. |
| 18 | +- ``fill(rule)``: Draws a solid shape by filling the path's content area. The given fill rule is applied, possible rules are `nonzero` and `evenodd`. |
| 19 | + |
| 20 | +.. code:: Python |
| 21 | +
|
| 22 | + from ipycanvas import Canvas |
| 23 | +
|
| 24 | + canvas = Canvas(width=100, height=100) |
| 25 | +
|
| 26 | + # Draw simple triangle shape |
| 27 | + canvas.begin_path() |
| 28 | + canvas.move_to(75, 50) |
| 29 | + canvas.line_to(100, 75) |
| 30 | + canvas.line_to(100, 25) |
| 31 | + canvas.fill() |
| 32 | +
|
| 33 | + canvas |
| 34 | +
|
| 35 | +.. image:: images/triangle.png |
| 36 | + |
| 37 | + |
| 38 | +Draw commands |
| 39 | +------------- |
| 40 | + |
| 41 | +Here are the available draw commands: |
| 42 | + |
| 43 | +- ``move_to(x, y)``: Moves the pen to the coordinates specified by x and y. This does not actually draw anything. |
| 44 | +- ``line_to(x, y)``: Add a straight line to the current path by connecting the path’s last point to the specified (x, y) coordinates. |
| 45 | +- ``arc(x, y, radius, start_angle, end_angle, anticlockwise=False)``: Create a circular arc centered at (x, y) with a radius |
| 46 | + of ``radius``. The path starts at ``start_angle`` and ends at ``end_angle`` in radians, and travels in the direction given by |
| 47 | + ``anticlockwise`` (defaulting to clockwise: False). |
| 48 | +- ``arc_to(x1, y1, x2, y2, radius)``: Add a circular arc to the current path. Using the given control points (``x1``, ``y1``) |
| 49 | + and (``x2``, ``y2``) and the ``radius``. |
| 50 | +- ``quadratic_curve_to(cp1x, cp1y, x, y)``: Add a quadratic Bezier curve to the current path. |
| 51 | + It requires two points: the first one is a control point and the second one is the end point. The starting point is the latest point in the current path, which can be changed using ``move_to()`` before creating the quadratic Bezier curve. |
| 52 | +- ``bezier_curve_to(cp1x, cp1y, cp2x, cp2y, x, y)``: Add a cubic Bezier curve to the current path. |
| 53 | + It requires three points: the first two are control points and the third one is the end point. The starting point is the latest point in the current path, which can be changed using ``move_to()`` before creating the Bezier curve. |
| 54 | +- ``rect(x, y, width, height)``: Draws a rectangle whose top-left corner is specified by (``x``, ``y``) with the specified ``width`` and ``height``. |
| 55 | + |
| 56 | + |
| 57 | +Examples |
| 58 | +-------- |
| 59 | + |
| 60 | +Stroke arcs |
| 61 | ++++++++++++ |
| 62 | + |
| 63 | +.. code:: Python |
| 64 | +
|
| 65 | + from math import pi |
| 66 | +
|
| 67 | + from ipycanvas import Canvas |
| 68 | +
|
| 69 | + canvas = Canvas(width=200, height=200) |
| 70 | +
|
| 71 | + # Draw smiley face |
| 72 | + canvas.begin_path() |
| 73 | + canvas.arc(75, 75, 50, 0, pi * 2, True) # Outer circle |
| 74 | + canvas.move_to(110, 75) |
| 75 | + canvas.arc(75, 75, 35, 0, pi, False) # Mouth (clockwise) |
| 76 | + canvas.move_to(65, 65) |
| 77 | + canvas.arc(60, 65, 5, 0, pi * 2, True) # Left eye |
| 78 | + canvas.move_to(95, 65) |
| 79 | + canvas.arc(90, 65, 5, 0, pi * 2, True) # Right eye |
| 80 | + canvas.stroke() |
| 81 | +
|
| 82 | + canvas |
| 83 | +
|
| 84 | +.. image:: images/smiley.png |
| 85 | + |
| 86 | +Fill bezier curves |
| 87 | +++++++++++++++++++ |
| 88 | + |
| 89 | +.. code:: Python |
| 90 | +
|
| 91 | + from ipycanvas import Canvas |
| 92 | +
|
| 93 | + canvas = Canvas(width=200, height=200) |
| 94 | +
|
| 95 | + # Cubic curves example |
| 96 | + canvas.begin_path() |
| 97 | + canvas.move_to(75, 40) |
| 98 | + canvas.bezier_curve_to(75, 37, 70, 25, 50, 25) |
| 99 | + canvas.bezier_curve_to(20, 25, 20, 62.5, 20, 62.5) |
| 100 | + canvas.bezier_curve_to(20, 80, 40, 102, 75, 120) |
| 101 | + canvas.bezier_curve_to(110, 102, 130, 80, 130, 62.5) |
| 102 | + canvas.bezier_curve_to(130, 62.5, 130, 25, 100, 25) |
| 103 | + canvas.bezier_curve_to(85, 25, 75, 37, 75, 40) |
| 104 | + canvas.fill() |
| 105 | +
|
| 106 | + canvas |
| 107 | +
|
| 108 | +.. image:: images/heart.png |
| 109 | + |
| 110 | +Change the fill rule |
| 111 | +++++++++++++++++++++ |
| 112 | + |
| 113 | +.. code:: Python |
| 114 | +
|
| 115 | + from math import pi |
| 116 | + from ipycanvas import Canvas |
| 117 | +
|
| 118 | + canvas = Canvas(width=100, height=100) |
| 119 | +
|
| 120 | + canvas.begin_path() |
| 121 | + canvas.arc(50, 50, 30, 0, pi * 2, True) |
| 122 | + canvas.arc(50, 50, 15, 0, pi * 2, True) |
| 123 | + canvas.fill('evenodd') |
| 124 | +
|
| 125 | + canvas |
| 126 | +
|
| 127 | +.. image:: images/fill_rule.png |
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