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Add RocksDB preset system and WAL directory support for HDD optimization
This commit introduces a comprehensive solution for running Kaspa archive nodes on HDD storage, addressing performance challenges through two key features: 1. RocksDB Preset System - Default preset: Optimized for SSD/NVMe (existing behavior) - Archive preset: Optimized for HDD with: * 256MB write buffer (reduced write amplification) * BlobDB for large values (efficient UTXO storage) * Aggressive compression (2.5x space savings) * 256MB SST files (reduced file count from 500K to 16K) * Rate limiting (100 MB/s to prevent I/O saturation) 2. WAL Directory Support - Allows placing Write-Ahead Logs on separate fast storage - Recommended: NVMe for WAL + HDD for data - Provides near-SSD performance for writes while using HDD for bulk storage Configuration: - --rocksdb-preset=archive Enable HDD optimizations - --rocksdb-wal-dir=/path Place WAL on fast storage This enables archive nodes to run efficiently on HDD, reducing storage costs from ~$400 (4TB NVMe) to ~$80 (8TB HDD) while maintaining acceptable performance.
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lines changed

consensus/src/consensus/factory.rs

Lines changed: 12 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use kaspa_consensusmanager::{ConsensusFactory, ConsensusInstance, DynConsensusCt
99
use kaspa_core::{debug, time::unix_now, warn};
1010
use kaspa_database::{
1111
prelude::{
12-
BatchDbWriter, CachePolicy, CachedDbAccess, CachedDbItem, DirectDbWriter, StoreError, StoreResult, StoreResultExtensions, DB,
12+
BatchDbWriter, CachePolicy, CachedDbAccess, CachedDbItem, DirectDbWriter, RocksDbPreset, StoreError, StoreResult,
13+
StoreResultExtensions, DB,
1314
},
1415
registry::DatabaseStorePrefixes,
1516
};
@@ -255,6 +256,8 @@ pub struct Factory {
255256
tx_script_cache_counters: Arc<TxScriptCacheCounters>,
256257
fd_budget: i32,
257258
mining_rules: Arc<MiningRules>,
259+
rocksdb_preset: RocksDbPreset,
260+
wal_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
258261
}
259262

260263
impl Factory {
@@ -268,6 +271,8 @@ impl Factory {
268271
tx_script_cache_counters: Arc<TxScriptCacheCounters>,
269272
fd_budget: i32,
270273
mining_rules: Arc<MiningRules>,
274+
rocksdb_preset: RocksDbPreset,
275+
wal_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
271276
) -> Self {
272277
assert!(fd_budget > 0, "fd_budget has to be positive");
273278
let mut config = config.clone();
@@ -286,6 +291,8 @@ impl Factory {
286291
tx_script_cache_counters,
287292
fd_budget,
288293
mining_rules,
294+
rocksdb_preset,
295+
wal_dir,
289296
};
290297
factory.delete_inactive_consensus_entries();
291298
factory
@@ -316,6 +323,8 @@ impl ConsensusFactory for Factory {
316323
.with_db_path(dir)
317324
.with_parallelism(self.db_parallelism)
318325
.with_files_limit(self.fd_budget / 2) // active and staging consensuses should have equal budgets
326+
.with_preset(self.rocksdb_preset)
327+
.with_wal_dir(self.wal_dir.clone())
319328
.build()
320329
.unwrap();
321330

@@ -351,6 +360,8 @@ impl ConsensusFactory for Factory {
351360
.with_db_path(dir)
352361
.with_parallelism(self.db_parallelism)
353362
.with_files_limit(self.fd_budget / 2) // active and staging consensuses should have equal budgets
363+
.with_preset(self.rocksdb_preset)
364+
.with_wal_dir(self.wal_dir.clone())
354365
.build()
355366
.unwrap();
356367

database/src/db.rs

Lines changed: 2 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
44

55
pub use conn_builder::ConnBuilder;
66
use kaspa_utils::fd_budget::FDGuard;
7+
pub use rocksdb_preset::RocksDbPreset;
78

89
mod conn_builder;
10+
mod rocksdb_preset;
911

1012
/// The DB type used for Kaspad stores
1113
pub struct DB {

database/src/db/conn_builder.rs

Lines changed: 43 additions & 3 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
1+
use super::rocksdb_preset::RocksDbPreset;
12
use crate::db::DB;
23
use rocksdb::{DBWithThreadMode, MultiThreaded};
34
use std::{path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@ pub struct ConnBuilder<Path, const STATS_ENABLED: bool, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> {
1314
files_limit: FDLimit,
1415
mem_budget: usize,
1516
stats_period: StatsPeriod,
17+
preset: RocksDbPreset,
18+
wal_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
1619
}
1720

1821
impl Default for ConnBuilder<Unspecified, false, Unspecified, Unspecified> {
@@ -24,6 +27,8 @@ impl Default for ConnBuilder<Unspecified, false, Unspecified, Unspecified> {
2427
mem_budget: 64 * 1024 * 1024,
2528
stats_period: Unspecified,
2629
files_limit: Unspecified,
30+
preset: RocksDbPreset::Default,
31+
wal_dir: None,
2732
}
2833
}
2934
}
@@ -37,6 +42,8 @@ impl<Path, const STATS_ENABLED: bool, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> ConnBuilder<Path, ST
3742
parallelism: self.parallelism,
3843
mem_budget: self.mem_budget,
3944
stats_period: self.stats_period,
45+
preset: self.preset,
46+
wal_dir: self.wal_dir,
4047
}
4148
}
4249
pub fn with_create_if_missing(self, create_if_missing: bool) -> ConnBuilder<Path, STATS_ENABLED, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> {
@@ -56,8 +63,16 @@ impl<Path, const STATS_ENABLED: bool, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> ConnBuilder<Path, ST
5663
parallelism: self.parallelism,
5764
mem_budget: self.mem_budget,
5865
stats_period: self.stats_period,
66+
preset: self.preset,
67+
wal_dir: self.wal_dir,
5968
}
6069
}
70+
pub fn with_preset(self, preset: RocksDbPreset) -> ConnBuilder<Path, STATS_ENABLED, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> {
71+
ConnBuilder { preset, ..self }
72+
}
73+
pub fn with_wal_dir(self, wal_dir: Option<PathBuf>) -> ConnBuilder<Path, STATS_ENABLED, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> {
74+
ConnBuilder { wal_dir, ..self }
75+
}
6176
}
6277

6378
impl<Path, FDLimit> ConnBuilder<Path, false, Unspecified, FDLimit> {
@@ -69,6 +84,8 @@ impl<Path, FDLimit> ConnBuilder<Path, false, Unspecified, FDLimit> {
6984
files_limit: self.files_limit,
7085
mem_budget: self.mem_budget,
7186
stats_period: self.stats_period,
87+
preset: self.preset,
88+
wal_dir: self.wal_dir,
7289
}
7390
}
7491
}
@@ -82,6 +99,8 @@ impl<Path, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> ConnBuilder<Path, true, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> {
8299
files_limit: self.files_limit,
83100
mem_budget: self.mem_budget,
84101
stats_period: Unspecified,
102+
preset: self.preset,
103+
wal_dir: self.wal_dir,
85104
}
86105
}
87106
pub fn with_stats_period(self, stats_period: impl Into<u32>) -> ConnBuilder<Path, true, u32, FDLimit> {
@@ -92,18 +111,39 @@ impl<Path, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> ConnBuilder<Path, true, StatsPeriod, FDLimit> {
92111
files_limit: self.files_limit,
93112
mem_budget: self.mem_budget,
94113
stats_period: stats_period.into(),
114+
preset: self.preset,
115+
wal_dir: self.wal_dir,
95116
}
96117
}
97118
}
98119

99120
macro_rules! default_opts {
100121
($self: expr) => {{
101122
let mut opts = rocksdb::Options::default();
102-
if $self.parallelism > 1 {
103-
opts.increase_parallelism($self.parallelism as i32);
123+
124+
// Apply the preset configuration (includes parallelism and compaction settings)
125+
$self.preset.apply_to_options(&mut opts, $self.parallelism, $self.mem_budget);
126+
127+
// Configure WAL directory if specified (for RAM cache / tmpfs)
128+
// Auto-generate unique subdirectory from database path to avoid conflicts
129+
if let Some(ref wal_base) = $self.wal_dir {
130+
let db_name = $self
131+
.db_path
132+
.file_name()
133+
.and_then(|n| n.to_str())
134+
.expect(&format!("Invalid database path: {}", $self.db_path.display()));
135+
let wal_subdir = wal_base.join(db_name);
136+
137+
// Create subdirectory if needed (each DB gets its own WAL space)
138+
std::fs::create_dir_all(&wal_subdir).expect(&format!(
139+
"Failed to create WAL subdirectory {}: {}",
140+
wal_subdir.display(),
141+
"error"
142+
));
143+
144+
opts.set_wal_dir(&wal_subdir);
104145
}
105146

106-
opts.optimize_level_style_compaction($self.mem_budget);
107147
let guard = kaspa_utils::fd_budget::acquire_guard($self.files_limit)?;
108148
opts.set_max_open_files($self.files_limit);
109149
opts.create_if_missing($self.create_if_missing);

database/src/db/rocksdb_preset.rs

Lines changed: 223 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
1+
//! RocksDB configuration presets for different use cases
2+
//!
3+
//! This module provides pre-configured RocksDB option sets optimized for different
4+
//! deployment scenarios. Based on Issue #681 and community testing.
5+
6+
use rocksdb::Options;
7+
use std::str::FromStr;
8+
9+
/// Available RocksDB configuration presets
10+
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
11+
pub enum RocksDbPreset {
12+
/// Default configuration - balanced for general use on SSD/NVMe
13+
/// - 64MB write buffer
14+
/// - Standard compression
15+
/// - Optimized for fast storage
16+
#[default]
17+
Default,
18+
19+
/// Archive configuration - optimized for HDD storage
20+
/// - 256MB write buffer (4x default)
21+
/// - Aggressive compression (LZ4 + ZSTD)
22+
/// - BlobDB enabled for large values
23+
/// - Rate limiting to prevent I/O spikes
24+
/// - Optimized for sequential writes and reduced write amplification
25+
///
26+
/// Based on Callidon's configuration from Issue #681.
27+
/// Recommended for archival nodes on HDD storage.
28+
Archive,
29+
}
30+
31+
impl FromStr for RocksDbPreset {
32+
type Err = String;
33+
34+
fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
35+
match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
36+
"default" => Ok(Self::Default),
37+
"archive" => Ok(Self::Archive),
38+
_ => Err(format!("Unknown RocksDB preset: '{}'. Valid options: default, archive", s)),
39+
}
40+
}
41+
}
42+
43+
impl std::fmt::Display for RocksDbPreset {
44+
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
45+
match self {
46+
Self::Default => write!(f, "default"),
47+
Self::Archive => write!(f, "archive"),
48+
}
49+
}
50+
}
51+
52+
impl RocksDbPreset {
53+
/// Apply the preset configuration to RocksDB options
54+
///
55+
/// # Arguments
56+
/// * `opts` - RocksDB options to configure
57+
/// * `parallelism` - Number of background threads
58+
/// * `mem_budget` - Memory budget (only used for Default preset, Archive uses fixed 256MB)
59+
pub fn apply_to_options(&self, opts: &mut Options, parallelism: usize, mem_budget: usize) {
60+
match self {
61+
Self::Default => self.apply_default(opts, parallelism, mem_budget),
62+
Self::Archive => self.apply_archive(opts, parallelism),
63+
}
64+
}
65+
66+
/// Apply default preset configuration
67+
fn apply_default(&self, opts: &mut Options, parallelism: usize, mem_budget: usize) {
68+
if parallelism > 1 {
69+
opts.increase_parallelism(parallelism as i32);
70+
}
71+
72+
// Use the provided memory budget (typically 64MB)
73+
opts.optimize_level_style_compaction(mem_budget);
74+
}
75+
76+
/// Apply archive preset configuration (Callidon's HDD-optimized settings)
77+
fn apply_archive(&self, opts: &mut Options, parallelism: usize) {
78+
if parallelism > 1 {
79+
opts.increase_parallelism(parallelism as i32);
80+
}
81+
82+
// Memory and write buffer settings (256MB for better batching on HDD)
83+
let write_buffer_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 256MB
84+
85+
// Optimize for level-style compaction with archive-appropriate memory
86+
// This sets up LSM tree parameters
87+
opts.optimize_level_style_compaction(write_buffer_size);
88+
89+
// Re-set write_buffer_size after optimize_level_style_compaction()
90+
// because optimize_level_style_compaction() internally overrides it to size/4
91+
opts.set_write_buffer_size(write_buffer_size);
92+
93+
// LSM Tree Structure - Optimized for large (4TB+) archives
94+
// 256 MB SST files reduce file count dramatically (500K → 16K files for 4TB)
95+
opts.set_target_file_size_base(256 * 1024 * 1024); // 256 MB SST files
96+
opts.set_target_file_size_multiplier(1); // Same size across all levels
97+
opts.set_max_bytes_for_level_base(1024 * 1024 * 1024); // 1 GB L1 base
98+
opts.set_level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes(true); // Minimize space amplification
99+
100+
// Compaction settings
101+
// Trigger compaction when L0 has just 1 file (minimize write amplification)
102+
opts.set_level_zero_file_num_compaction_trigger(1);
103+
104+
// Prioritize compacting older/smaller files first
105+
use rocksdb::CompactionPri;
106+
opts.set_compaction_pri(CompactionPri::OldestSmallestSeqFirst);
107+
108+
// Read-ahead for compactions (4MB - good for sequential HDD reads)
109+
opts.set_compaction_readahead_size(4 * 1024 * 1024);
110+
111+
// Compression strategy: LZ4 for all levels, ZSTD for bottommost
112+
use rocksdb::DBCompressionType;
113+
114+
// Set default compression to LZ4 (fast)
115+
opts.set_compression_type(DBCompressionType::Lz4);
116+
117+
// Enable bottommost level compression with maximum ZSTD level
118+
opts.set_bottommost_compression_type(DBCompressionType::Zstd);
119+
120+
// ZSTD compression options for bottommost level
121+
// Larger dictionaries (64 KB) improve compression on large archives
122+
opts.set_compression_options(
123+
-1, // window_bits (let ZSTD choose optimal)
124+
22, // level (maximum compression)
125+
0, // strategy (default)
126+
64 * 1024, // dict_bytes (64 KB dictionary)
127+
);
128+
129+
// Train ZSTD dictionaries on 8 MB of sample data (~125x dictionary size)
130+
opts.set_zstd_max_train_bytes(8 * 1024 * 1024);
131+
132+
// Block-based table options for better caching
133+
use rocksdb::{BlockBasedOptions, Cache};
134+
let mut block_opts = BlockBasedOptions::default();
135+
136+
// Partitioned Bloom filters (18 bits per key for better false-positive rate)
137+
block_opts.set_bloom_filter(18.0, false); // 18 bits per key
138+
block_opts.set_partition_filters(true); // Partition for large databases
139+
block_opts.set_format_version(5); // Latest format with optimizations
140+
block_opts.set_index_type(rocksdb::BlockBasedIndexType::TwoLevelIndexSearch);
141+
142+
// Cache index and filter blocks in block cache for faster queries
143+
block_opts.set_cache_index_and_filter_blocks(true);
144+
145+
// Block cache (2GB LRU cache for frequently accessed blocks)
146+
let cache = Cache::new_lru_cache(2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024); // 2GB
147+
block_opts.set_block_cache(&cache);
148+
149+
// Set block size (256KB - better for sequential HDD reads)
150+
block_opts.set_block_size(256 * 1024);
151+
152+
opts.set_block_based_table_factory(&block_opts);
153+
154+
// Rate limiting: prevent I/O spikes on HDD
155+
// 12 MB/s rate limit for background writes
156+
opts.set_ratelimiter(12 * 1024 * 1024, 100_000, 10);
157+
158+
// Enable BlobDB for large values (reduces write amplification)
159+
opts.set_enable_blob_files(true);
160+
opts.set_min_blob_size(512); // Only values >512 bytes go to blob files
161+
opts.set_blob_file_size(256 * 1024 * 1024); // 256MB blob files
162+
opts.set_blob_compression_type(DBCompressionType::Zstd); // Compress blobs
163+
opts.set_enable_blob_gc(true); // Enable garbage collection
164+
opts.set_blob_gc_age_cutoff(0.9); // GC blobs when 90% old
165+
opts.set_blob_gc_force_threshold(0.1); // Force GC at 10% garbage
166+
opts.set_blob_compaction_readahead_size(8 * 1024 * 1024); // 8 MB blob readahead
167+
}
168+
169+
/// Get a human-readable description of the preset
170+
pub fn description(&self) -> &'static str {
171+
match self {
172+
Self::Default => "Default preset - balanced for SSD/NVMe (64MB write buffer, standard compression)",
173+
Self::Archive => "Archive preset - optimized for HDD (256MB write buffer, BlobDB, aggressive compression, rate limiting)",
174+
}
175+
}
176+
177+
/// Get the recommended use case for this preset
178+
pub fn use_case(&self) -> &'static str {
179+
match self {
180+
Self::Default => "General purpose nodes on SSD/NVMe storage",
181+
Self::Archive => "Archival nodes on HDD storage (--archival flag recommended)",
182+
}
183+
}
184+
185+
/// Get memory requirements for this preset
186+
pub fn memory_requirements(&self) -> &'static str {
187+
match self {
188+
Self::Default => "~4GB minimum, scales with --ram-scale",
189+
Self::Archive => "~8GB minimum (256MB write buffer + 2GB cache + overhead), 16GB+ recommended",
190+
}
191+
}
192+
}
193+
194+
#[cfg(test)]
195+
mod tests {
196+
use super::*;
197+
198+
#[test]
199+
fn test_preset_from_str() {
200+
assert_eq!(RocksDbPreset::from_str("default").unwrap(), RocksDbPreset::Default);
201+
assert_eq!(RocksDbPreset::from_str("Default").unwrap(), RocksDbPreset::Default);
202+
assert_eq!(RocksDbPreset::from_str("archive").unwrap(), RocksDbPreset::Archive);
203+
assert_eq!(RocksDbPreset::from_str("ARCHIVE").unwrap(), RocksDbPreset::Archive);
204+
assert!(RocksDbPreset::from_str("unknown").is_err());
205+
}
206+
207+
#[test]
208+
fn test_preset_display() {
209+
assert_eq!(RocksDbPreset::Default.to_string(), "default");
210+
assert_eq!(RocksDbPreset::Archive.to_string(), "archive");
211+
}
212+
213+
#[test]
214+
fn test_apply_presets() {
215+
let mut opts = Options::default();
216+
217+
// Test default preset
218+
RocksDbPreset::Default.apply_to_options(&mut opts, 4, 64 * 1024 * 1024);
219+
220+
// Test archive preset
221+
RocksDbPreset::Archive.apply_to_options(&mut opts, 4, 64 * 1024 * 1024);
222+
}
223+
}

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