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Standardized pod security profiles
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‎content/en/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy.md

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{{< codenew file="policy/restricted-psp.yaml" >}}
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See [Pod Security Standards](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/#policy-instantiation) for more examples.
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## Policy Reference
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### Privileged
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See [Pod Security Standards](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/) for policy recommendations.
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Refer to [Pod Security Policy Reference](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#podsecuritypolicy-v1beta1-policy) for the api details.
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‎content/en/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards.md

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---
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reviewers:
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- tallclair
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title: Pod Security Standards
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content_template: templates/concept
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weight: 10
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---
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{{% capture overview %}}
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Security settings for Pods are typically applied by using [security
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contexts](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/). Security Contexts allow for the
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definition of privilege and access controls on a per-Pod basis.
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The enforcement and policy-based definition of cluster requirements of security contexts has
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previously been achieved using [Pod Security Policy](/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/). A
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_Pod Security Policy_ is a cluster-level resource that controls security sensitive aspects of the
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Pod specification.
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However, numerous means of policy enforcement have arisen that augment or replace the use of
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PodSecurityPolicy. The intent of this page is to detail recommended Pod security profiles, decoupled
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from any specific instantiation.
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{{% /capture %}}
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{{% capture body %}}
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## Policy Types
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There is an immediate need for base policy definitions to broadly cover the security spectrum. These
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should range from highly restricted to highly flexible:
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- **_Privileged_** - Unrestricted policy, providing the widest possible level of permissions. This
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policy allows for known privilege escalations.
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- **_Baseline/Default_** - Minimally restrictive policy while preventing known privilege
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escalations. Allows the default (minimally specified) Pod configuration.
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- **_Restricted_** - Heavily restricted policy, following current Pod hardening best practices.
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## Policies
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### Privileged
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The Privileged policy is purposely-open, and entirely unrestricted. This type of policy is typically
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aimed at system- and infrastructure-level workloads managed by privileged, trusted users.
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The privileged policy is defined by an absence of restrictions. For blacklist-oriented enforcement
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mechanisms (such as gatekeeper), the privileged profile may be an absence of applied constraints
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rather than an instantiated policy. In contrast, for a whitelist oriented mechanism (such as Pod
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Security Policy) the privileged policy should enable all controls (disable all restrictions).
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### Baseline/Default
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The Baseline/Default policy is aimed at ease of adoption for common containerized workloads while
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preventing known privilege escalations. This policy is targeted at application operators and
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developers of non-critical applications. The following listed controls should be
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enforced/disallowed:
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<table>
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<caption style="display:none">Baseline policy specification</caption>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><strong>Control</strong></td>
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<td><strong>Policy</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Host Namespaces</td>
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<td>
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Sharing the host namespaces must be disallowed.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.hostNetwork<br>
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spec.hostPID<br>
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spec.hostIPC<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> false<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Privileged Containers</td>
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<td>
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Privileged Pods disable most security mechanisms and must be disallowed.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.privileged<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.privileged<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> false, undefined/nil<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Capabilities</td>
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<td>
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Adding additional capabilities beyond the <a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#runtime-privilege-and-linux-capabilities">default set</a> must be disallowed.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.capabilities.add<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.capabilities.add<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> empty (optionally whitelisted defaults)<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>HostPath Volumes</td>
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<td>
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HostPath volumes must be forbidden.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.volumes[*].hostPath<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> undefined/nil<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Host Ports</td>
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<td>
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HostPorts should be disallowed, or at minimum restricted to a whitelist.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.containers[*].ports[*].hostPort<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].ports[*].hostPort<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> 0, undefined, (whitelisted)<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>AppArmor <em>(optional)</em></td>
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<td>
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On supported hosts, the `runtime/default` AppArmor profile is applied by default. The default policy should prevent overriding or disabling the policy, or restrict overrides to a whitelisted set of profiles.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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metadata.annotations['container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/*']<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> runtime/default, undefined<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>SELinux <em>(optional)</em></td>
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<td>
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Setting custom SELinux options should be disallowed.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.securityContext.seLinuxOptions<br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.seLinuxOptions<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.seLinuxOptions<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> undefined/nil<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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### Restricted
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The Restricted policy is aimed at enforcing current Pod hardening best practices, at the expense of
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some compatibility. It is targeted at operators and developers of security-critical applications, as
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well as lower-trust users.The following listed controls should be enforced/disallowed:
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<table>
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<caption style="display:none">Restricted policy specification</caption>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><strong>Control</strong></td>
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<td><strong>Policy</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><em>Everything from the default profile.</em></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Volume Types</td>
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<td>
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In addition to restricting HostPath volumes, the restricted profile limits usage of non-core volume types to those defined through PersistentVolumes.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.volumes[*].hostPath<br>
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spec.volumes[*].gcePersistentDisk<br>
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spec.volumes[*].awsElasticBlockStore<br>
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spec.volumes[*].gitRepo<br>
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spec.volumes[*].nfs<br>
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spec.volumes[*].iscsi<br>
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spec.volumes[*].glusterfs<br>
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spec.volumes[*].rbd<br>
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spec.volumes[*].flexVolume<br>
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spec.volumes[*].cinder<br>
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spec.volumes[*].cephFS<br>
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spec.volumes[*].flocker<br>
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spec.volumes[*].fc<br>
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spec.volumes[*].azureFile<br>
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spec.volumes[*].vsphereVolume<br>
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spec.volumes[*].quobyte<br>
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spec.volumes[*].azureDisk<br>
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spec.volumes[*].portworxVolume<br>
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spec.volumes[*].scaleIO<br>
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spec.volumes[*].storageos<br>
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spec.volumes[*].csi<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> undefined/nil<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Privilege Escalation</td>
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<td>
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Privilege escalation to root should not be allowed.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.privileged<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.privileged<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> false, undefined/nil<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Running as Non-root</td>
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<td>
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Containers must be required to run as non-root users.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.securityContext.runAsNonRoot<br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsNonRoot<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.runAsNonRoot<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b> true<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Non-root groups <em>(optional)</em></td>
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<td>
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Containers should be forbidden from running with a root primary or supplementary GID.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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spec.securityContext.runAsGroup<br>
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spec.securityContext.supplementalGroups[*]<br>
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spec.securityContext.fsGroup<br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsGroup<br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.supplementalGroups[*]<br>
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spec.containers[*].securityContext.fsGroup<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.runAsGroup<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.supplementalGroups[*]<br>
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spec.initContainers[*].securityContext.fsGroup<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b><br>
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non-zero<br>
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undefined / nil (except for `*.runAsGroup`)<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Seccomp</td>
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<td>
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The runtime/default seccomp profile must be required, or allow additional whitelisted values.<br>
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<br><b>Restricted Fields:</b><br>
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metadata.annotations['seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod']<br>
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metadata.annotations['container.seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/*']<br>
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<br><b>Allowed Values:</b><br>
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runtime/default<br>
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undefined (container annotation)<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## Policy Instantiation
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Decoupling policy definition from policy instantiation allows for a common understanding and
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consistent language of policies across clusters, independent of the underlying enforcement
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mechanism.
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As mechanisms mature, they will be defined below on a per-policy basis. The methods of enforcement
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of individual policies are not defined here.
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[**PodSecurityPolicy**](/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/)
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- [Privileged](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/website/master/content/en/examples/policy/privileged-psp.yaml)
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- [Baseline](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/website/master/content/en/examples/policy/baseline-psp.yaml)
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- [Restricted](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/website/master/content/en/examples/policy/restricted-psp.yaml)
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## FAQ
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### Why isn't there a profile between privileged and default?
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The three profiles defined here have a clear linear progression from most secure (restricted) to least
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secure (privileged), and cover a broad set of workloads. Privileges required above the baseline
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policy are typically very application specific, so we do not offer a standard profile in this
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niche. This is not to say that the privileged profile should always be used in this case, but that
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policies in this space need to be defined on a case-by-case basis.
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SIG Auth may reconsider this position in the future, should a clear need for other profiles arise.
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### What's the difference between a security policy and a security context?
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[Security Contexts](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/) configure Pods and
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Containers at runtime. Security contexts are defined as part of the Pod and container specifications
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in the Pod manifest, and represent parameters to the container runtime.
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Security policies are control plane mechanisms to enforce specific settings in the Security Context,
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as well as other parameters outside the Security Contex. As of February 2020, the current native
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solution for enforcing these security policies is [Pod Security
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Policy](/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/) - a mechanism for centrally enforcing security
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policy on Pods across a cluster. Other alternatives for enforcing security policy are being
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developed in the Kubernetes ecosystem, such as [OPA
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Gatekeeper](https://github.com/open-policy-agent/gatekeeper).
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### What profiles should I apply to my Windows Pods?
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Windows in Kubernetes has some limitations and differentiators from standard Linux-based
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workloads. Specifically, the Pod SecurityContext fields [have no effect on
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Windows](/docs/setup/production-environment/windows/intro-windows-in-kubernetes/#v1-podsecuritycontext). As
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such, no standardized Pod Security profiles currently exists.
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### What about sandboxed Pods?
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There is not currently an API standard that controls whether a Pod is considered sandboxed or
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not. Sandbox Pods may be identified by the use of a sandboxed runtime (such as gVisor or Kata
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Containers), but there is no standard definition of what a sandboxed runtime is.
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The protections necessary for sandboxed workloads can differ from others. For example, the need to
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restrict privileged permissions is lessened when the workload is isolated from the underlying
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kernel. This allows for workloads requiring heightened permissions to still be isolated.
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Additionally, the protection of sandboxed workloads is highly dependent on the method of
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sandboxing. As such, no single ‘recommended’ policy is recommended for all sandboxed workloads.
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‎content/en/examples/policy/baseline-psp.yaml

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apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
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kind: PodSecurityPolicy
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metadata:
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name: baseline
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annotations:
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# Optional: Allow the default AppArmor profile, requires setting the default.
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apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: 'runtime/default'
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apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: 'runtime/default'
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# Optional: Allow the default seccomp profile, requires setting the default.
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seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: 'docker/default,runtime/default,unconfined'
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seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: 'unconfined'
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spec:
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privileged: false
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# The moby default capability set, defined here:
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# https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/0a5cec2833f82a6ad797d70acbf9cbbaf8956017/oci/caps/defaults.go#L6-L19
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allowedCapabilities:
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- 'CHOWN'
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- 'DAC_OVERRIDE'
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- 'FSETID'
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- 'FOWNER'
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- 'MKNOD'
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- 'NET_RAW'
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- 'SETGID'
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- 'SETUID'
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- 'SETFCAP'
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- 'SETPCAP'
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- 'NET_BIND_SERVICE'
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- 'SYS_CHROOT'
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- 'KILL'
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- 'AUDIT_WRITE'
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# Allow all volume types except hostpath
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volumes:
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# 'core' volume types
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- 'configMap'
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- 'emptyDir'
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- 'projected'
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- 'secret'
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- 'downwardAPI'
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# Assume that persistentVolumes set up by the cluster admin are safe to use.
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- 'persistentVolumeClaim'
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# Allow all other non-hostpath volume types.
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- 'awsElasticBlockStore'
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- 'azureDisk'
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- 'azureFile'
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- 'cephFS'
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- 'cinder'
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- 'csi'
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- 'fc'
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- 'flexVolume'
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- 'flocker'
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- 'gcePersistentDisk'
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- 'gitRepo'
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- 'glusterfs'
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- 'iscsi'
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- 'nfs'
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- 'photonPersistentDisk'
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- 'portworxVolume'
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- 'quobyte'
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- 'rbd'
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- 'scaleIO'
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- 'storageos'
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- 'vsphereVolume'
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hostNetwork: false
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hostIPC: false
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hostPID: false
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readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
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runAsUser:
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rule: 'RunAsAny'
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seLinux:
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rule: 'RunAsAny'
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supplementalGroups:
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rule: 'RunAsAny'
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fsGroup:
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rule: 'RunAsAny'

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