[CI] Split CI into stages (#189) #1067

Job	Run time
clang-format	9s
python-lint	4s
macos-clang-build	30m 7s
ubuntu-clang-build	35m 27s
windows-msvc-build	59m 29s
ubuntu-gcc-build	36m 56s
windows-clang-build	49m 9s
ubuntu-clang-sanitizer-build	22m 11s
ubuntu-gcc-build-codecov	27m 18s
ubuntu-gcc-build-perf-stats	10m 34s
	4h 31m 24s

Provide feedback