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<jats:body>
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<jats:p>Fossil hominins were first recognized in the Dinaledi Chamber in the Rising Star cave system in
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October 2013. During a relatively short excavation, our team recovered an extensive collection of
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1550 hominin specimens, representing nearly every element of the skeleton multiple times (Figure 1),
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including many complete elements and morphologically informative fragments, some in articulation, as
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well as smaller fragments many of which could be refit into more complete elements. The collection is
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a morphologically homogeneous sample that can be attributed to no previously-known hominin species.
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Here we describe this new species, <jats:italic>Homo naledi</jats:italic>. We have not defined
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<jats:italic>H. naledi</jats:italic> narrowly based on a single jaw or skull because the entire body
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of material has informed our understanding of its biology.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Order Primates LINNAEUS 1758</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Suborder Anthropoidea MIVART 1864</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Superfamily Hominoidea GRAY 1825</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Family Hominidae GRAY 1825</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Tribe Hominini GRAY 1825</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Genus <jats:italic>Homo</jats:italic> LINNAEUS 1758</jats:p>
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<jats:p><jats:italic>Homo naledi</jats:italic> sp. nov.
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:00D1E81A-6E08-4A01-BD98-79A2CEAE2411
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>The word <jats:italic>naledi</jats:italic> means ‘star’ in the Sotho language and refers to the
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Dinaledi Chamber's location within the Rising Star cave system.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>The Dinaledi chamber is located approximately 30 meters underground, within the Rising Star cave
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system at about 26°1′13′′ S; 27°42′43′′ E. The system lies within the Malmani dolomites, approximately
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800 meters southwest of the well-known site of Swartkrans in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage
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Site, Gauteng Province, South Africa.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>The present sample of skeletal material from the Dinaledi Chamber was recovered during two field
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expeditions, in November 2013 and March 2014.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Six specimens from an ex situ context can be identified as bird bones, and few fragmentary rodent
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remains have been recovered within the excavation area. Neither of these faunal constituents can
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presently be associated with the hominin fossil collection (Dirks et al., 2015).
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Aside from these limited faunal materials, the Dinaledi collection is entirely composed of hominin
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skeletal and dental remains. The collection so far comprises 1550 fossil hominin specimens, this number
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includes 1413 bone specimens and 137 isolated dental specimens; an additional 53 teeth are present in
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mandibular or maxillary bone specimens. Aside from the fragmentary rodent teeth, all dental crowns (n =
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179) are hominin, recovered both from surface collection and excavation. Likewise, aside from the few
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bird elements, all morphologically informative bone specimens are clearly hominin. In all cases where
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elements are repeated in the sample, they are morphologically homogeneous, with variation consistent
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with body size and sex differences within a single population. These remains represent a minimum of 15
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hominin individuals, as indicated by the repetition and presence of deciduous and adult dental elements.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>The geological age of the fossils is not yet known. Excavations have thus far recovered hominin
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material from Unit 2 and Unit 3 in the chamber (Dirks et al., 2015). Surface-collected hominin material
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from the present top of Unit 3, which includes material derived from both Unit 2 and Unit 3, represents
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a minority of the assemblage, and is morphologically indistinguishable from material excavated from in
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situ within Unit 3. In addition to general morphological homogeneity including cranial shape,
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distinctive morphological configurations of all the recovered first metacarpals, femora, molars, lower
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premolars and lower canines, are identical in both surface-collected and excavated specimens (see Figure
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14 later in the text). These include traits not found in any other hominin species yet described. These
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considerations strongly indicate that this material represents a single species, and not a commingled
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assemblage.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:sec>
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<jats:title>Introduction</jats:title>
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<jats:p>Fossil hominins were first recognized in the Dinaledi Chamber in the Rising Star cave system in
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October 2013. During a relatively short excavation, our team recovered an extensive collection of
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1550 hominin specimens, representing nearly every element of the skeleton multiple times (Figure
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1), including many complete elements and morphologically informative fragments, some in
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articulation, as well as smaller fragments many of which could be refit into more complete
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elements. The collection is a morphologically homogeneous sample that can be attributed to no
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previously-known hominin species. Here we describe this new species, <jats:italic>Homo
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naledi</jats:italic>. We have not defined <jats:italic>H. naledi</jats:italic> narrowly based on a
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single jaw or skull because the entire body of material has informed our understanding of its
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biology.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Order Primates LINNAEUS 1758</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Suborder Anthropoidea MIVART 1864</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Superfamily Hominoidea GRAY 1825</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Family Hominidae GRAY 1825</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Tribe Hominini GRAY 1825</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Genus <jats:italic>Homo</jats:italic> LINNAEUS 1758</jats:p>
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<jats:p><jats:italic>Homo naledi</jats:italic> sp. nov.
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:00D1E81A-6E08-4A01-BD98-79A2CEAE2411
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</jats:p>
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<jats:sec>
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<jats:title>Etymology</jats:title>
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<jats:p>The word <jats:italic>naledi</jats:italic> means ‘star’ in the Sotho language and refers to
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the Dinaledi Chamber's location within the Rising Star cave system.
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</jats:p>
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</jats:sec>
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<jats:sec>
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<jats:title>Locality</jats:title>
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<jats:p>The Dinaledi chamber is located approximately 30 meters underground, within the Rising Star
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cave system at about 26°1′13′′ S; 27°42′43′′ E. The system lies within the Malmani dolomites,
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approximately 800 meters southwest of the well-known site of Swartkrans in the Cradle of
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Humankind World Heritage Site, Gauteng Province, South Africa.
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</jats:p>
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</jats:sec>
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<jats:sec>
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<jats:title>Horizon and associations</jats:title>
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<jats:p>The present sample of skeletal material from the Dinaledi Chamber was recovered during two
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field expeditions, in November 2013 and March 2014.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Six specimens from an ex situ context can be identified as bird bones, and few fragmentary
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rodent remains have been recovered within the excavation area. Neither of these faunal
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constituents can presently be associated with the hominin fossil collection (Dirks et al.,
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2015).
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>Aside from these limited faunal materials, the Dinaledi collection is entirely composed of
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hominin skeletal and dental remains. The collection so far comprises 1550 fossil hominin
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specimens, this number includes 1413 bone specimens and 137 isolated dental specimens; an
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additional 53 teeth are present in mandibular or maxillary bone specimens. Aside from the
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fragmentary rodent teeth, all dental crowns (n = 179) are hominin, recovered both from surface
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collection and excavation. Likewise, aside from the few bird elements, all morphologically
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informative bone specimens are clearly hominin. In all cases where elements are repeated in the
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sample, they are morphologically homogeneous, with variation consistent with body size and sex
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differences within a single population. These remains represent a minimum of 15 hominin
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individuals, as indicated by the repetition and presence of deciduous and adult dental
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elements.
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</jats:p>
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<jats:p>The geological age of the fossils is not yet known. Excavations have thus far recovered
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hominin material from Unit 2 and Unit 3 in the chamber (Dirks et al., 2015). Surface-collected
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hominin material from the present top of Unit 3, which includes material derived from both Unit
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2 and Unit 3, represents a minority of the assemblage, and is morphologically indistinguishable
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from material excavated from in situ within Unit 3. In addition to general morphological
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homogeneity including cranial shape, distinctive morphological configurations of all the
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recovered first metacarpals, femora, molars, lower premolars and lower canines, are identical
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in both surface-collected and excavated specimens (see Figure 14 later in the text). These
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include traits not found in any other hominin species yet described. These considerations
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strongly indicate that this material represents a single species, and not a commingled
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assemblage.
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</jats:p>
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</jats:sec>
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</jats:sec>
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</jats:body>
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