fn: add new Option[T] type

Author: Roasbeef

fn/option.go

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package fn
+
+// Option[A] represents a value which may or may not be there. This is very
+// often preferable to nil-able pointers.
+type Option[A any] struct {
+	isSome bool
+	some   A
+}
+
+// Some trivially injects a value into an optional context.
+//
+// Some : A -> Option[A].
+func Some[A any](a A) Option[A] {
+	return Option[A]{
+		isSome: true,
+		some:   a,
+	}
+}
+
+// None trivially constructs an empty option
+//
+// None : Option[A].
+func None[A any]() Option[A] {
+	return Option[A]{}
+}
+
+// ElimOption is the universal Option eliminator. It can be used to safely
+// handle all possible values inside the Option by supplying two continuations.
+//
+// ElimOption : (Option[A], () -> B, A -> B) -> B.
+func ElimOption[A, B any](o Option[A], b func() B, f func(A) B) B {
+	if o.isSome {
+		return f(o.some)
+	}
+
+	return b()
+}
+
+// UnwrapOr is used to extract a value from an option, and we supply the default
+// value in the case when the Option is empty.
+//
+// UnwrapOr : (Option[A], A) -> A.
+func (o Option[A]) UnwrapOr(a A) A {
+	if o.isSome {
+		return o.some
+	}
+
+	return a
+}
+
+// WhenSome is used to conditionally perform a side-effecting function that
+// accepts a value of the type that parameterizes the option. If this function
+// performs no side effects, WhenSome is useless.
+//
+// WhenSome : (Option[A], A -> ()) -> ().
+func (o Option[A]) WhenSome(f func(A)) {
+	if o.isSome {
+		f(o.some)
+	}
+}
+
+// IsSome returns true if the Option contains a value
+//
+// IsSome : Option[A] -> bool.
+func (o Option[A]) IsSome() bool {
+	return o.isSome
+}
+
+// IsNone returns true if the Option is empty
+//
+// IsNone : Option[A] -> bool.
+func (o Option[A]) IsNone() bool {
+	return !o.isSome
+}
+
+// FlattenOption joins multiple layers of Options together such that if any of
+// the layers is None, then the joined value is None. Otherwise the innermost
+// Some value is returned.
+//
+// FlattenOption : Option[Option[A]] -> Option[A].
+func FlattenOption[A any](oo Option[Option[A]]) Option[A] {
+	if oo.IsNone() {
+		return None[A]()
+	}
+	if oo.some.IsNone() {
+		return None[A]()
+	}
+
+	return oo.some
+}
+
+// ChainOption transforms a function A -> Option[B] into one that accepts an
+// Option[A] as an argument.
+//
+// ChainOption : (A -> Option[B]) -> Option[A] -> Option[B].
+func ChainOption[A, B any](f func(A) Option[B]) func(Option[A]) Option[B] {
+	return func(o Option[A]) Option[B] {
+		if o.isSome {
+			return f(o.some)
+		}
+
+		return None[B]()
+	}
+}
+
+// MapOption transforms a pure function A -> B into one that will operate
+// inside the Option context.
+//
+// MapOption : (A -> B) -> Option[A] -> Option[B].
+func MapOption[A, B any](f func(A) B) func(Option[A]) Option[B] {
+	return func(o Option[A]) Option[B] {
+		if o.isSome {
+			return Some(f(o.some))
+		}
+
+		return None[B]()
+	}
+}
+
+// LiftA2Option transforms a pure function (A, B) -> C into one that will
+// operate in an Option context. For the returned function, if either of its
+// arguments are None, then the result will be None.
+//
+// LiftA2Option : ((A, B) -> C) -> (Option[A], Option[B]) -> Option[C].
+func LiftA2Option[A, B, C any](
+	f func(A, B) C) func(Option[A], Option[B]) Option[C] {
+
+	return func(o1 Option[A], o2 Option[B]) Option[C] {
+		if o1.isSome && o2.isSome {
+			return Some(f(o1.some, o2.some))
+		}
+
+		return None[C]()
+	}
+}
+
+// Alt chooses the left Option if it is full, otherwise it chooses the right
+// option. This can be useful in a long chain if you want to choose between
+// many different ways of producing the needed value.
+//
+// Alt : Option[A] -> Option[A] -> Option[A].
+func (o Option[A]) Alt(o2 Option[A]) Option[A] {
+	if o.isSome {
+		return o
+	}
+
+	return o2
+}