Thread Safety Analysis: Support passing scoped locks between functions with appropriate annotations

This is helpful when multiple functions operate on the same
capabilities, but we still want to use scoped lockable types for
readability and exception safety.
- Introduce support for thread safety annotations on function parameters
  marked with the 'scoped_lockable' attribute.
- Add semantic checks for annotated function parameters, ensuring
  correct usage.
- Enhance the analysis to recognize and handle parameters annotated for
  thread safety, extending the scope of analysis to track these across
  function boundries.
- Verify that the underlying mutexes of function arguments match the
  expectations set by the annotations.

Limitation: This does not work when the attribute arguments are class
members, because attributes on function parameters are parsed
differently from attributes on functions.

Author: malek203

clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst

@@ -336,6 +336,40 @@ Improvements to Clang's diagnostics
   local variables passed to function calls using the ``[[clang::musttail]]``
   attribute.
 
+- The Thread Safety Analysis (#GH110523) now supports passing scoped capabilities into functions:
+  an attribute on the scoped capability parameter indicates both the expected associated capabilities and,
+  like in the case of attributes on the function declaration itself, their state before and after the call.
+
+  .. code-block:: c++
+
+    #include "mutex.h"
+
+    class MutexUnlocker {
+      Mutex* mu;
+
+    public:
+      MutexUnlocker(Mutex* m) RELEASE(m) : mu(m)  { mu->Unlock(); }
+      ~MutexUnlocker() ACQUIRE(mu) { mu->Lock(); }
+    };
+
+    Mutex mu1, mu2;
+    int a GUARDED_BY(mu1);
+
+    void require(MutexLocker& scope REQUIRES(mu1)) {
+      scope.Unlock();
+      a = 0; // Warning!  Requires mu1.
+      scope.Lock();
+    }
+
+    void testParameter() {
+      MutexLocker scope(&mu1);
+      MutexLocker scope2(&mu2);
+      require(scope2); // Warning! Mutex managed by 'scope' is 'mu2' instead of 'mu1'
+      require(scope); // OK.
+      scope.Unlock();
+      require(scope); // Warning!  Requires mu1.
+    }
+
 Improvements to Clang's time-trace
 ----------------------------------
 

clang/docs/ThreadSafetyAnalysis.rst

@@ -187,10 +187,13 @@ REQUIRES(...), REQUIRES_SHARED(...)
 
 *Previously*: ``EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED``, ``SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED``
 
-``REQUIRES`` is an attribute on functions or methods, which
+``REQUIRES`` is an attribute on functions, methods or function parameters of
+reference to :ref:`scoped_capability`-annotated type, which
 declares that the calling thread must have exclusive access to the given
 capabilities.  More than one capability may be specified.  The capabilities
 must be held on entry to the function, *and must still be held on exit*.
+Additionally, if the attribute is on a function parameter, it declares that
+the scoped capability manages the specified capabilities in the given order.
 
 ``REQUIRES_SHARED`` is similar, but requires only shared access.
 
@@ -211,17 +214,35 @@ must be held on entry to the function, *and must still be held on exit*.
     mu1.Unlock();
   }
 
+  void require(MutexLocker& scope REQUIRES(mu1)) {
+    scope.Unlock();
+    a = 0; // Warning!  Requires mu1.
+    scope.Lock();
+  }
+
+  void testParameter() {
+    MutexLocker scope(&mu1);
+    MutexLocker scope2(&mu2);
+    require(scope2); // Warning! Mutex managed by 'scope' is 'mu2' instead of 'mu1'
+    require(scope); // OK.
+    scope.Unlock();
+    require(scope); // Warning!  Requires mu1.
+  }
+
 
 ACQUIRE(...), ACQUIRE_SHARED(...), RELEASE(...), RELEASE_SHARED(...), RELEASE_GENERIC(...)
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 *Previously*: ``EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION``, ``SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION``,
 ``UNLOCK_FUNCTION``
 
-``ACQUIRE`` and ``ACQUIRE_SHARED`` are attributes on functions or methods
-declaring that the function acquires a capability, but does not release it.
+``ACQUIRE`` and ``ACQUIRE_SHARED`` are attributes on functions, methods
+or function parameters of reference to :ref:`scoped_capability`-annotated type,
+which declare that the function acquires a capability, but does not release it.
 The given capability must not be held on entry, and will be held on exit
 (exclusively for ``ACQUIRE``, shared for ``ACQUIRE_SHARED``).
+Additionally, if the attribute is on a function parameter, it declares that
+the scoped capability manages the specified capabilities in the given order.
 
 ``RELEASE``, ``RELEASE_SHARED``, and ``RELEASE_GENERIC`` declare that the
 function releases the given capability.  The capability must be held on entry
@@ -249,6 +270,14 @@ shared for ``RELEASE_GENERIC``), and will no longer be held on exit.
     myObject.doSomething();  // Warning, mu is not locked.
   }
 
+  void release(MutexLocker& scope RELEASE(mu)) {
+  }                          // Warning!  Need to unlock mu.
+
+  void testParameter() {
+    MutexLocker scope(&mu);
+    release(scope);
+  }
+
 If no argument is passed to ``ACQUIRE`` or ``RELEASE``, then the argument is
 assumed to be ``this``, and the analysis will not check the body of the
 function.  This pattern is intended for use by classes which hide locking
@@ -283,10 +312,13 @@ EXCLUDES(...)
 
 *Previously*: ``LOCKS_EXCLUDED``
 
-``EXCLUDES`` is an attribute on functions or methods, which declares that
+``EXCLUDES`` is an attribute on functions, methods or function parameters
+of reference to :ref:`scoped_capability`-annotated type, which declares that
 the caller must *not* hold the given capabilities.  This annotation is
 used to prevent deadlock.  Many mutex implementations are not re-entrant, so
 deadlock can occur if the function acquires the mutex a second time.
+Additionally, if the attribute is on a function parameter, it declares that
+the scoped capability manages the specified capabilities in the given order.
 
 .. code-block:: c++
 
@@ -305,6 +337,16 @@ deadlock can occur if the function acquires the mutex a second time.
     mu.Unlock();
   }
 
+  void exclude(MutexLocker& scope LOCKS_EXCLUDED(mu)) {
+    scope.Unlock(); // Warning! mu is not locked.
+    scope.Lock();
+  } // Warning! mu still held at the end of function.
+
+  void testParameter() {
+    MutexLocker scope(&mu);
+    exclude(scope); // Warning, mu is held.
+  }
+
 Unlike ``REQUIRES``, ``EXCLUDES`` is optional.  The analysis will not issue a
 warning if the attribute is missing, which can lead to false negatives in some
 cases.  This issue is discussed further in :ref:`negative`.
@@ -393,6 +435,7 @@ class can be used as a capability.  The string argument specifies the kind of
 capability in error messages, e.g. ``"mutex"``.  See the ``Container`` example
 given above, or the ``Mutex`` class in :ref:`mutexheader`.
 
+.. _scoped_capability:
 
 SCOPED_CAPABILITY
 -----------------

clang/include/clang/Analysis/Analyses/ThreadSafety.h

@@ -223,6 +223,42 @@ class ThreadSafetyHandler {
   virtual void handleFunExcludesLock(StringRef Kind, Name FunName,
                                      Name LockName, SourceLocation Loc) {}
 
+  /// Warn when an actual underlying mutex of a scoped lockable does not match
+  /// the expected.
+  /// \param Loc -- The location of the call expression.
+  /// \param DLoc -- The location of the function declaration.
+  /// \param ScopeName -- The name of the scope passed to the function.
+  /// \param Kind -- The kind of the expected mutex.
+  /// \param Expected -- The name of the expected mutex.
+  /// \param Actual -- The name of the actual mutex.
+  virtual void handleUnmatchedUnderlyingMutexes(SourceLocation Loc,
+                                                SourceLocation DLoc,
+                                                Name ScopeName, StringRef Kind,
+                                                Name Expected, Name Actual) {}
+
+  /// Warn when we get fewer underlying mutexes than expected.
+  /// \param Loc -- The location of the call expression.
+  /// \param DLoc -- The location of the function declaration.
+  /// \param ScopeName -- The name of the scope passed to the function.
+  /// \param Kind -- The kind of the expected mutex.
+  /// \param Expected -- The name of the expected mutex.
+  virtual void handleExpectMoreUnderlyingMutexes(SourceLocation Loc,
+                                                 SourceLocation DLoc,
+                                                 Name ScopeName, StringRef Kind,
+                                                 Name Expected) {}
+
+  /// Warn when we get more underlying mutexes than expected.
+  /// \param Loc -- The location of the call expression.
+  /// \param DLoc -- The location of the function declaration.
+  /// \param ScopeName -- The name of the scope passed to the function.
+  /// \param Kind -- The kind of the actual mutex.
+  /// \param Actual -- The name of the actual mutex.
+  virtual void handleExpectFewerUnderlyingMutexes(SourceLocation Loc,
+                                                  SourceLocation DLoc,
+                                                  Name ScopeName,
+                                                  StringRef Kind, Name Actual) {
+  }
+
   /// Warn that L1 cannot be acquired before L2.
   virtual void handleLockAcquiredBefore(StringRef Kind, Name L1Name,
                                         Name L2Name, SourceLocation Loc) {}

clang/include/clang/Basic/Attr.td

@@ -3685,7 +3685,7 @@ def AcquireCapability : InheritableAttr {
                    Clang<"acquire_shared_capability", 0>,
                    GNU<"exclusive_lock_function">,
                    GNU<"shared_lock_function">];
-  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function]>;
+  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function, ParmVar]>;
   let LateParsed = LateAttrParseStandard;
   let TemplateDependent = 1;
   let ParseArgumentsAsUnevaluated = 1;
@@ -3717,7 +3717,7 @@ def ReleaseCapability : InheritableAttr {
                    Clang<"release_shared_capability", 0>,
                    Clang<"release_generic_capability", 0>,
                    Clang<"unlock_function", 0>];
-  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function]>;
+  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function, ParmVar]>;
   let LateParsed = LateAttrParseStandard;
   let TemplateDependent = 1;
   let ParseArgumentsAsUnevaluated = 1;
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ def RequiresCapability : InheritableAttr {
   let TemplateDependent = 1;
   let ParseArgumentsAsUnevaluated = 1;
   let InheritEvenIfAlreadyPresent = 1;
-  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function]>;
+  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function, ParmVar]>;
   let Accessors = [Accessor<"isShared", [Clang<"requires_shared_capability", 0>,
                                          Clang<"shared_locks_required", 0>]>];
   let Documentation = [Undocumented];
@@ -3863,7 +3863,7 @@ def LocksExcluded : InheritableAttr {
   let TemplateDependent = 1;
   let ParseArgumentsAsUnevaluated = 1;
   let InheritEvenIfAlreadyPresent = 1;
-  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function]>;
+  let Subjects = SubjectList<[Function, ParmVar]>;
   let Documentation = [Undocumented];
 }
 

clang/include/clang/Basic/DiagnosticSemaKinds.td

@@ -3984,6 +3984,10 @@ def warn_thread_attribute_decl_not_lockable : Warning<
 def warn_thread_attribute_decl_not_pointer : Warning<
   "%0 only applies to pointer types; type here is %1">,
   InGroup<ThreadSafetyAttributes>, DefaultIgnore;
+def warn_thread_attribute_not_on_scoped_lockable_param : Warning<
+  "%0 attribute applies to function parameters only if their type is a "
+  "reference to a 'scoped_lockable'-annotated type">,
+  InGroup<ThreadSafetyAttributes>, DefaultIgnore;
 def err_attribute_argument_out_of_bounds_extra_info : Error<
   "%0 attribute parameter %1 is out of bounds: "
   "%plural{0:no parameters to index into|"
@@ -4039,6 +4043,17 @@ def warn_acquired_before : Warning<
 def warn_acquired_before_after_cycle : Warning<
   "cycle in acquired_before/after dependencies, starting with '%0'">,
   InGroup<ThreadSafetyAnalysis>, DefaultIgnore;
+def warn_unmatched_underlying_mutexes : Warning<
+  "%0 managed by '%1' is '%3' instead of '%2'">,
+  InGroup<ThreadSafetyAnalysis>, DefaultIgnore;
+def warn_expect_more_underlying_mutexes : Warning<
+  "%0 '%2' not managed by '%1'">,
+  InGroup<ThreadSafetyAnalysis>, DefaultIgnore;
+def warn_expect_fewer_underlying_mutexes : Warning<
+  "did not expect %0 '%2' to be managed by '%1'">,
+  InGroup<ThreadSafetyAnalysis>, DefaultIgnore;
+def note_managed_mismatch_here_for_param : Note<
+  "see attribute on parameter here">;
 
 
 // Thread safety warnings negative capabilities